我国古代，在建筑物上使用瓦开始于(    )

下列叙述中，属于生物共同特征的是(    )

    A machine that takes sweat-laden (浸满汗水的) clothes and turns the sweat into drinking water is in use in Sweden. The machine makes the clothes turn round quickly, heats them to remove the sweat, and then passes the steam through a kind of special material to make purified water.

    Since it has been brought into use, its creators say more than 1000 people have drunk others' “sweat” in Gothenburg. They add the liquid is cleaner than local tap water.

    The device was built for the United Nations' child-focused charity UNICEF to promote a campaign highlighting the fact that 780 million people in the world lack access to clean water.

    The machine was designed and built by the engineer Andreas Hammar, known locally for his appearances on TV tech show “Mekatronik”. He said the key part of the sweat machine was a new water purification part developed by a company named HVR.

    “It uses a technique called membrane distillation (膜蒸馏),” he told the BBC. “We use a special kind of material that only lets steam through but keeps bacteria, salts, clothing fibers and other things out. They have something similar to the International Space Station, but our machine is cheaper to build. The amount of water it produces depends on how sweaty the person is, but one person's T-shirt typically produces 10ml, about a mouthful.”

    The device has been put on show at the Gothia Cup-the world's largest international youth football tournament. Mattias Ronge, chief executive of Stockholm-based advertising agency Deportivo, said the machine had helped raise awareness for UNICEF, but in reality had its limitations.

    “People haven't produced as much sweat as we hoped – right now the weather in Gothenburg is lousy,” Mattias Ronge said. “So we've equipped the machine with exercise bikes and volunteers are cycling like crazy. Even so, the demand for sweat is greater than the supply. And the machine will never be produced in large numbers, since there are better solutions out there such as water purifying pills.”

在河之洲

陈忠实

    ①东过渭河，田堰层迭的渭北高原，被青葱葱的麦子覆盖着，如此博大深沉，又如此舒展柔缦，让人顿然发生对黄土高原深蕴不露的神奇伟力的感动。

    ②我的心绪早已舒展欢愉起来，却不完全因为满川满原的绿色的浸染和撩拨，更有潜藏心底的一个极富诱惑的企盼，即将踏访2000多年前那位“窈窕淑女”曾经生活和恋爱的“在河之洲”了。确切地说，早在几天之前朋友相约的时候，我的心里就已经在踊跃着期待着了。

    ③我是少年时期在初中语文课本上，初读被称为中国第一首爱情诗歌的《关雎》的，一诵成记，也就终生难忘了。“关关雎鸠，在河之洲；窈窕淑女，君子好逑。”在哪条河边的哪一块芳草地上，曾经出现过一位窈窕淑女，演绎出千古诵唱不衰的美丽爱情诗篇？神秘而又圣洁的“在河之洲”，就在我的心底潜存下来。我现在就奔着那方神秘而又圣洁的芳草地来了。

    ④远远便瞅见了黄河。它冲出禹门，冲出晋陕大峡谷，到这里放松了，温柔了，也需要抒情低吟了。它抖落下沉重的泥沙，孕育出渭北高原这方丰饶秀美的河洲。这是令人一瞅便感到心灵震颤的一方绿洲，坦坦荡荡铺展开的绿莹莹的芦苇，左望不见边际，右眺也不见边际，那一派青葱所蕴聚的气象，在人初见的一瞬便感到巨大的摇撼和震颤。这一片黄河道里的滩地洽川，就是千百年来让初恋男女梦幻情迷的在河之洲。我站在坡坎上，久久说不出一句话来，那方自少年时代就潜存心底的“在河之洲”，完全不及现实的洽川壮美。

    ⑤芦苇正长到和我一般高，齐刷刷，绿莹莹，宽宽的叶子上绣积着一层茸茸白毛，纯净到纤尘不染。我漫步在芦苇荡里青草铺垫的小道上，似可感到正值青春期的芦苇的呼吸。我自然想到那位身姿窈窕的淑女，也许在麦田里锄草，在桑树上采摘桑叶，在芦苇丛里聆听鸟鸣。高原的地脉和洽川芦荡的气颤，孕育出窈窕壮健的身姿和洒脱清爽的质地，才会让那个万众景仰的周文王一见钟情，倾心求爱。我便暗自好笑少年时期自己的无知与轻狂，好逑的君子可是西周的文王啊，那里还有比他更能称得起君子的君子呢！一个君王向一个锄地割麦采桑养蚕的民间女子求爱，就在这莽莽苍苍郁郁葱葱的芦苇荡里，留下《诗经》开篇的爱情诗篇，萦绕在这个民族每一个子孙的情感之湖里，滋润了2000余年，成了一种永恒。

    ⑥雨下起来了。芦苇荡里白茫茫一片铺天盖地的雨雾，腾起排山倒海般雨打苇叶的啸声，一波一波撞击人的胸膛。走到芦苇荡里一处开阔地时，看到一幅奇景，好大的一个水塘里，竟然有几十个人在戏水，年轻人居多，也有头发稀落皮肉松弛上了年岁的人。这个时月里的渭北高原，又下着大雨，气温不过十度，那些人只穿泳衣在水塘里戏闹着，似乎不可思议。这是一个温泉，大约从文王向民间淑女求爱之前就涌流到今天了。温泉蒸腾着白色的水汽，像一只沸滚的大锅，一团一团温热湿润的水汽向四周的芦苇丛里弥漫，幻如仙境。洽川人得了这一塘好水，冬夏都可以尽情洗浴了。温泉自地下冒涌出来，冲起沙粒，对浴者的皮肤冲击搓磨，比现代浴室超豪华设施美妙得远了。在洽川，这样的泉有多起，细如蚁穴，大如车轮，《水经注》等多种典籍都有生动具体的描绘，现在成了各地旅客观赏或享受沙浪浴的好去处了。

    ⑦这肯定是我见过的最绝妙的温泉了，也肯定是我观赏到的最壮观最有气魄的芦苇荡了，造化给缺雨干旱的渭北高原赐予这样迷人的一方绿地一塘好水，弥足珍贵。我在孙犁的小说散文里领略过荷花淀和芦苇荡的诗意美，前不久从媒体上看到有干涸的危机，不免扼腕；从京剧《沙家浜》里知道江南有可藏匿新四军的芦苇荡，不知还有芦苇否？芦苇丛生的湿地沙滩，被誉为地球的肺。无需特意强调，谁都知道其对于人类生存不可或缺的功能。

    ⑧我便庆幸，在黄河滩的洽川，芦苇在蓬勃着，温泉在涌着冒着，现代淑女和现代君子，在这一方芳草地上，演绎着风流。

（选自《陈忠实散文选集》）