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夜半钟声怎么到客船

    ①“姑苏城外寒山寺,夜半钟声到客船”;“更深何处人吹笛,疑是孤吟寒水中”……这些优美的古诗句都描写了深夜从远处传来的声音,这些诗人为什么都写半夜钟声或乐声,却几乎没有人写正午的妙音呢?这正体现了一个很有趣的科学现象。

    ②声音在凉爽的夜晚传得尤其远,夜深人静没有噪音是一个原因,但却并非主要原因。

    ③光是一种波,声音也是一种波,光会反射和折射,声音同样会反射和折射。当声音发出后,如果在空气中向四面八方的传播速度相同,那么声音就会像膨胀的球一样向外传播,但是,不同位置空气的温度和密度是不同的,而且地面等固体还会反射声波。因此,地面附近的声音不可能像膨胀的球一样四处扩散。

    ④秋冬季节,夜间的地面和水面较冷,贴近地面的空气温度也很低,在一定范围内,越高处的空气温度则越高。而声音的传播与空气的温度有关,空气温度越高,传播声音的速度越快,反之,则越慢。声音在从气温较低、传播速度较慢的气层进入气温较高、传播速度较快的气层时,不但会发生折射、反射,还会像光一样发生全反射。大气层中,温度不同的气层有很多,那么,声音向高处的传播就不断遇到阻碍(被反射和全反射)。于是,就像光很容易局限在玻璃光纤中传播一样,声音也很容易局限在冷空气层中传播,很少会透出去到达高空。这样,声音的能量损失就很少,可以贴着地面或江面传播到很远的地方,声音的强度却没有多少衰减。于是,那悠扬的夜半钟声可以从山上传到客船,可以从此岸传到彼岸。

    ⑤而在白天大部分声音会传播到高处。白天地面接受太阳辐射强,地表温度升高,而且越靠近地面,空气温度越高,那么贴地传播的声音速度会大于高空的。当地面附近发出声音时,向地面传播的声波会被地面向上反射,而向上传播的声波能大部分会通过折射进入高空。由于大部分声波折射向高空,人在高空就会格外清晰地听到来自地面的声音,如果唐朝诗人曾坐在热气球里旅行,或许会给我们留下“晌午钟声到云霄”的诗句。也正是由于大部分声波折射向高空,所以白天一般很难听到中午的钟声。

    ⑥奇妙的是,由于声音的折射和反射,白天在适当的地方,还会出现静区。在第一次世界大战时,人们就发现了奇怪的现象:一门大炮在不断发炮,当有人驱车从数百千米外的远方驶向大炮时,起初还能听到炮声隆隆,但距离大炮近一些的时候,有一段路程里却听不到炮声;再靠近一些,就又听到了炮声。究其原因,很远处听到的炮声是高空大气反射到地面的炮声,近一些的地方既没有高空大气反射的声波,又没有大炮直接传来的声波,所以就形成了静区。再靠近时,大炮的声波直接传来,人又可以听到了。当然这就是声音传播的奇妙之处了。

    ⑦“夜半钟声到客船”,这句流传了一千多年的诗句,一语道出了声音喜欢向较凉爽的地方传播的科学事实,真实体现了文学的美感和科学的美妙。

(选自2011年第4期《大科技》,有改动)

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阅读下面短文,按照句子结构的语法性和上下文连贯的要求,从各题所给的A、B、C和D项中选出最佳选项。

    A long time ago,some farmers lived in a small village.And there was a farmer1 had four sons.

    The farmer raised the four boys on his own.He hoped that his sons could learn not2 opinions about things too quickly.So he gave his four sons 3 question in turn asking them to go to see a pear tree at a distance in different seasons.The sons promised they would not let their father 4.

    The first son5 out in the winter,the second in the spring,the third in the summer,and the youngest in the autumn.

    One year passed.When all of them returned home,the farmer called them together to describe6they had seen.

    The first son said the tree was7bent and distorted.It wasn't worth seeing at all.And it seemed that it wouldn't bear any fruit,8.

    The second son said it was not like that. But the tree was covered9 green buds and made people feel full of hope.

    The third son disagreed,saying that it was full of flowers which smelled so sweet and 10 so beautiful.And he had never seen such beautiful scene that everyone would love it.

    The last son disagreed with all of them,saying that it 11 with fruit,full of life and content.People would be satisfied with it.

    At last,the four sons'eyes were fixed12 their father.The father smiled.Then he told his four  sons that13 they were all correct,they only saw the tree in one season.He told his sons that14 could not judge a tree or a person only by one season,and that the essence of a person could only be measured when all the seasons 15 over.

    If you just give up in winter,you will miss the hope of spring,the beauty of

summer and the harvest of autumn in your life.