祭孔大典
      ①祭孔，是华夏民族为了尊崇与怀念至圣先师孔子，而主要在孔（文）庙举行的隆重祀典，两千多年来，成为世界祭祀史、人类文化节史上的一个奇迹。祭孔大典是山东曲阜专门祭祀孔子的大型庙堂乐舞活动，亦称“丁祭乐舞”或“大成乐舞”，是集乐、歌、舞、礼为一体的综合性艺术表演形式，于每年阴历八月二十七日孔子诞辰时举行。
      ②祭孔活动可追溯到公元前478年，孔子卒后第二年，鲁哀公将孔子故宅辟为寿堂祭祀孔子，孔子故居成为世界上第一座孔庙。汉高祖刘邦过鲁，以“太牢”祭祀孔子，开历代帝王祭孔之先河。汉武帝罢黜百家、独尊儒术后，各地纷纷建孔庙，直至县县有孔庙的盛况，孔庙逐渐演变成封建朝廷祭祀孔子的礼制庙宇。元、明、清三个朝代皇帝为孔子举行国家祭奠的主要场所在北京孔庙。随着帝王们的褒赠加封，祭典仪式日臻隆重恢弘，礼器、乐器、乐章、舞谱等也多由皇帝钦定颁行。帝王们或亲临主祭，或遣官代祭，或便道拜谒，总计达196次。
      ③祭孔大典在古代被称作“国之大典”。自唐玄宗于公元739年封孔子为“文宣王”后，祭祀孔子的活动开始升格。宋代后祭祀制度扶摇直上，明代已达到帝王规格。至清代，祭祀孔子更是隆重盛大，达到了顶峰。清朝仅乾隆皇帝一人就先后8次亲临曲阜拜祭孔子。
      ④民国政府明令全国祭孔，其程序和礼仪做了较大变动，献爵改为献花圈，古典祭服改为长袍马褂，跪拜改为鞠躬礼。1986年，沉寂了半个世纪的祭孔大典经曲阜市文化部门挖掘整理，在当年的“孔子故里游”开幕式上得以重现。
      ⑤祭孔大典的神奇魅力，充分表现在乐、歌、舞、礼四种艺术形式上。乐、歌、舞都是紧紧围绕“礼”而进行的，所有礼仪要求“必丰、必洁、必诚、必敬”。祭孔大典用艺术的形式集中表现了儒家思想文化，体现了艺术形式与政治内容的高度统一，形象地阐释了孔子学说中的“礼”的涵义，表达了“仁者爱人”、“以礼立人”的思想，具有较强的思想亲和力、精神凝聚力和艺术感染力。发掘、抢救、保护和开发利用“祭孔大典”，对于弘扬优秀传统文化，营造和乐氛围，构建和谐社会，凝聚民族精神具有不可替代的社会价值，它所阐释的民族文化和民族精神的精髓，将对中国乃至华人世界的文化传播产生积极的影响。

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    When a New Yorker was hiking in Europe, his Swiss friend kept saying “Listen to that!” but he didn't hear anything. His ears were accustomed to loud city noises and it was days before he was able to notice the sound of a bird. ____. There is background music in restaurants, bars, stores, rest rooms, elevators, and when you are waiting on the telephone. Russell Baker blames “society's determination to entertain you whether you like it or not”.

    ____, but in practice they avoid it. They drive with the car radio turned up, switch on the television when they get home, and exercise while listening to music on headphones. ____ They can buy things in stores, but they do not have enough human contact. So they fill their lives with sound.

    ____. Young men play their car stereos loudly in order to create a personal environment around them. Like animals, they are marking a territory to warn rivals away and to attract a mate.

    It may also be true that the brain itself wants excitement just as the stomach insists on food. ____ This seems extreme. Perhaps we would be better off if we sought periods of silence to provide balance.

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