题干

阅读材料,完成下列要求

材料:中国的现代化是被延误了的现代化。为什么一个前现代世界长期发展领先地位的悠久文明,在向现代化世界的转变过程中如此步履维艰、艰险迭起呢?对于这一问题,学术界形成了两种不同的基本观点:一种观点可称之为外因论,认为主要是由于外来资本主义的渗透和帝国主义的侵略造成的,“侵略——反侵略”是这一研究取向的基本分析框架;另一种观点可称为内因论,即认为中国现代化延误的主要症结在于传统文明的落后性,制度的独特性,中国历史发展的停滞性等内在弱点。“传统——现代性”的对立是这种解释的分析框架。

——罗荣渠《中国早期现代化的延误》

根据材料并结合所学知识,选取材料中关于中国现代化被延误原因的其中一种观点进行评析。(要求:观点明确;史论结合;条理清晰。)

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答案(点此获取答案解析)

观点一:外因论

政治:列强通过侵略战争迫使中国签订一系列不平等条约,破坏中国的主权和领土完整,如享有领事裁判权,把持中国海关行政权等,直至操纵中国的内政外交;中国半殖民地半封建统治秩序逐步确立,使中国近代化失去了独立发展的可能性。造成近代中国局势动荡,缺乏稳定的环境。

经济:利用种种特权,对中国商品输出和原料掠夺,把中国变成了它们倾销商品的市场和取得廉价原料的基地,中国的民族工业和传统手工业遭到排挤和打击,开始把中国卷入资本主义世界市场。扩大对中国的资本输出,如在中国办工厂、银行,修铁路、

同类题2

阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

    As the saying goes, rose given, fragrance in hand. I am always in the 1 of giving money to every beggar or homeless person I pass by. My friends say it is not good to 2. We may come across beggars or homeless people begging every day and all beggars have their ability to survive. It 3 them that I never listen.

    On a 4 day, my friend and I were walking to the 5 when I passed a beggar lady. I had seen her several times before and had always given her a few 6. That day, I gave her 2 Euros. I was waiting for the bus and reading a book when I7 to see that lady standing in front of me. She 8 me a piece of paper covered in a plastic bag to prevent it from getting 9. She stood there, looking at me 10. Putting away my book, I took the paper, which 11 she and her family had to 12 their country because of floods, and she was 13 to support them. She had got a bit of money, but she needed 5 14 Euros to get home. I 15 in my pockets and found 20 cents. My friend 16 a 5 Euro note. I asked her to give it to the lady, and said that I would 17 the next day. When she got the money, the lady hugged us and said thanks again and again, and went on her way. Later on the bus, I wondered where her home was and 18 she had gotten to this country. In her story, I felt that my friend and I would always remain part of it as the 19, who helped her get home on a rainy day. But for me, helping a stranger did bring me happiness, giving me a pleasant 20.