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    所谓“人文信仰”,它的启发来自现代学者提出的“人文宗教”。新儒家认为,儒家传统是一种不出世的却具有超越性的东方宗教,它不像其他的宗教,需要有神,有耶稣、安拉等外在权威。它不需要外在的权威,它有一种具有内在超越性的信仰。内在超越性,也就是道德心,如孟子所谓“仁义礼智”。儒家传统的这一特质,若称为中华“人文信仰”更准确。

    “人文信仰”在儒释道中都有,儒家比较典型,儒家是“以出世的心态行入世的功德”,在世俗社会中要完成人之为人的使命。一是个体生命的健全,即诚意、正心、修身;另外就是建功立业,即把“立德、立功、立言”当作人生追求。

    人的本质是一切“社会关系的总和”,人类具有经济的、政治的、道德文化的属性。但道德文化属性应是人的最高属性,是人之为人的最高本质。

    信仰体系当中,儒家肯定人首先要解决肉体的存在问题,这并非一般人理解的儒家是重义轻利的。儒家主张在道义的引领下对物质生活的安顿,认为这也是治国理政者须关注的重中之重。如孔子所说“富之”“足食”“因民之所利而利之”;孟子所说“易其田畴,薄其税敛,民可使富也”;荀子也说“足国之道:节用裕民,而善臧其余。节用以礼,裕民以政”。在这个基础上,儒家重视和强调人的精神生活,特别是人的道德、文化。这是儒家生命大智慧的主要内涵。

    儒学是仁学,但一般只讲“仁者爱人”“己所不欲,勿施于人”“已欲立而立人,已欲达而达人”。关于“爱他人”,孟子曾发挥为“亲亲而仁民,仁民而爱物”,将“爱他”或“他爱”推展为亲亲、仁民、爱物这样三个由近及远的层次。实际上,孔子讲“古之学者为己”,就彰明了儒学仁学的首要内涵就是“为己之学”。 “为己”并不是自私自利,他是先成就自己。这和现代人生存理念是一致的。一个人要把自己最好的东西开发出来,成长为一个士,再成长为君子,成长为顶天立地的大丈夫,然后你才能去齐家治国平天下。荀子说过:“知者自知,仁者爱人”,说的就是这个道理。

    “义”在孟子这里发挥得比较到位。义利并重,以义驭利,这是孟子对儒家核心价值的阐发。儒学不是不讲功利,而是认为在功利之上有一个更高的价值,更高的原则,并借此来引领、驾驭功利。这也是对道义上的担当精神的高扬。

    荀子则进一步发挥了“礼法”范畴。他把“仁”“义”这个基本的人文信仰转化成内规矩和外规矩。内规矩即德的柔性约束,外规矩即法的刚性约束。德与法统一起来就是礼或礼法。德与法一起,共同来约束人们的行为,形成普遍的秩序与和谐。因此,荀子是儒家“治统”的系统阐释者,是儒学由纯学术向汉初政治儒学转化、转型的重要中介。

(本文选自2017年4月1日新华网发展论坛,有删改)

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    Based on new analysis, we are rapidly approaching major climate change and the effects on society and the environment could be quite severe. Geographers predict that within the next eighty years, current world climate zones could shift and some could completely disappear. Polar regions will get colder while tropical regions will get even hotter, forcing animals to migrate  (迁徙) north.

    Climate changes like these could lead to the spread of diseases. Tropical storms and hurricanes will not only increase but may also become more intense. If the changes come too quickly, animal and plant species may not be able to adapt fast enough and could disappear.

    According to Science Daily, a new study predicts that by the year 2100, many of today's familiar climates will be replaced by climates unknown in today's world. It is urgent that we reduce the risks of these far-reaching consequences for the whole world. The planet itself has been showing signs of change. In 2004, a serious tsunami created by a major earthquake killed thousands in Sumatra and in 2008, thousands died in China because of another severe earthquake. Egypt was hit in 2009 with a major earthquake and Haiti was devastated in 2010 by yet another massive earthquake.

    Within just the last few months, new reports from around the world have been coming in and most agree that our climate situation is much worse than previously thought. At this point, it doesn't matter what is causing it, but rather, what can be done about it. What's more, our world is getting more and more unstable every year. There is war and threat of war everywhere. Natural disasters are becoming more frequent and serious.

    However, other planets are experiencing global warming as well as our own and some scientists believe there may be some connection between this. No one knows anything for sure at this point because there is simply not enough data.