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    Here are six steps to better studying.

Pay attention in class

    Do you have trouble paying attention in class? Are you sitting next to a loud person? Tell your teacher or parents about any problem that is preventing you from paying attention.

Take good notes

    Write down facts that your teacher mentions or writes on the board. Try to use good handwriting so you can read your notes later. It's a good idea to keep your notes organized by subject.

Plan ahead for tests and projects

    Waiting until Thursday night to study for Friday's test will make it hard to do your best. One of the best ways to make sure that doesn't happen is to plan ahead. Write down your test dates. You can then plan how much to do after school each day, and how much time to spend on each topic.

Break it up

    When there's a lot to study, it can help to break things into several parts. Let's say you have a spelling test on 20 words. Instead of thinking about all of the words at once, try breaking them down into five-word groups and work on one or two different groups each night.

Ask for help

    You can't study effectively if you don't understand the material. Be sure to ask your teacher for help. If you're at home when the confusion occurs, your mom or dad might be able to help.

Sleep tight

    So the test is tomorrow and you've followed your study plan—but suddenly you can't remember anything! Don't panic. Your brain needs time to digest all the information you've given it. Try to get a good night's sleep and you'll be surprised by what comes back to you in the morning.

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风干的名著

    有关名著的改编缩写问题,多年以来聚讼纷纭,议论不断。但不管不同的声音有多少,各种各样的改编本依然源源不断,流行坊间。这些改编缩写本,其数量之多,简直有把天下名著一网打尽之势,纷纷冠之以“中国古典名著普及本”“外国名著学生读本”,还有什么“袖珍本”“卡通本”“速读手册”等,名目繁多,如乱花撩眼。

    我认为文学作品尤其是名著是不能改编缩写的,至于用戏剧、影视等其他艺术形式表现,则另当别论。单从文学这种精神产品的特殊性说来,改编缩写之举便有违常理。文学作品是一个生气贯注的有机整体,是各组成要素之间撕裂不开的、血肉关联的组合。这种“有意味的形式”一经成形,便由不得别人来改动了。压缩了篇幅,减少了字数,不仅仅是量的变化,更重要的是质的变异和退化,或干脆就是仅仅与原作名字相同的另一部东西。

    著名学者陆建德指出,“文学名著必须维持原貌,正如阿凡提的汤,必须原汁原味,我们爱读《红楼梦》,因为那是曹雪芹的文字”“一部伟大的作品,多‘潜在的魅力’,人物头上小小的饰物或下意识的细微举动都暗含了丰富的内容”。正因为如此,文学名著才发散出千古如斯的永恒魅力,给人以经久的艺术享受。改写者往往遗神取貌地抽取所谓“故事”,而对那些看似无关宏旨其实又充满意味的细节,都看成可有可无的无谓枝蔓,难逃朱笔的杀伐。有完整情节的作品尚不能改动,更遑论那些异乎传统路子的作品。别的不说,就如汪曾祺和阿城吧,他们在作品里营造的那种境界,流淌着的那种诗性语言,依样画瓢都学不像,更不要说什么改写了。

    我想起了有阵子对京剧的改造。据说,为了让这个传统艺术能叫年轻人接受,便去掉京胡月琴的悠悠京韵,代之以“嘭嘭嚓嚓”的动感摇滚。这种被改造后非驴非马的东西,结果如何可想而知。倒是和时下名著的遭遇惊人相似。原本沉甸甸的东西变得轻飘飘,醇美的诗情变得淡乎寡味,丰饶的意蕴变得肤浅稀薄,形象苍白,语言温吞,乏善可陈。这类东西不可能引起读者进一步阅读原著的欲望,而恰恰相反,会严重地败坏读者原本不错的胃口。在他们看来,这些所谓名著,还不如小时候老爷爷讲的故事那般亲切有味。

    在速食快餐速配一次性等快捷型消费成为时尚的今天,名著改写之大行其道不是偶然的。这种短平快的东西,无论对阅读上只想浅尝辄止装点门面的成人,还是考试应急的学生,无疑适销对路。但提高素质实在是一件旷日持久的事情,特别是在文学艺术方面,更需要长期的浸润和熏染,这是一种作用于灵魂的过程,急于求成不得。那些风干的名著,那些被榨干了艺术汁液的纸页,能给读者留些什么呢?