题干

摩天轮的设计用到了____原理。

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    BEIJING — The launch of a new manned space mission brings China closer to the establishment of a permanent space station, international experts say.

    Chinese taikonauts, Jing Haipeng, 50, and Chen Dong, 37, were blasted off into space onboard Shenzhou-11 at 7:30 am Monday and will spend 30 days in the Chinese space laboratory Tiangong-2.The launch marks a key step toward China's plan to eventually operate a permanent space station. The successful launch of the Shenzhou-11 spacecraft is another step forward to put China among leading players in space technology, said Alexander Zheleznyakov, a Russian expert on history of space flights. China's experimental space lab will help provide solutions for spacecraft of different functions to approach and anchor, and for a long-term operation of life support system, said Zheleznyakov. Shenzhou-11 is scheduled to anchor on Wednesday with Tiangong-2, which is part of China's plan to build a permanent space station by 2022.

    China can now test technologies for cargo spacecraft anchoring, life support system operation and water recycling to ensure a long-term continuous operation of its space station in the future with less dependence on renewal from the Earth, he said. If all goes well, China will launch the unpiloted Tianzhou-1 cargo ship next spring to autonomously tie up with Tiangong-2. Tianzhou-1 will be capable of automatically transferring rocket fuels, a vital requirement for space station grouping and maintenance, according to a report by Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS).

    "That will further their anchoring abilities needed for the larger space station," Johnson Freese was quoted." Tiangong-2 is supposed to be able to stay in orbit for two years or longer, so that's taking them (Chinese) really close to 2019 or so. I think this will be their last big technology test phase before going to their large space station," said Freese.

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阅读《如何给地球降温》,回答小题。

如何给地球降温

    气候学家已发出警告:未来100年,全球气温将升高1.5℃~6℃,海平面将升高154.5厘米,沙漠将更干燥,气候将更加恶劣,厄尔尼诺现象将更为严重,全球变暖将直接或间接影响人们的生活。如何给地球降温?科学家提出了许多奇思妙想。

    美国氢弹之父、物理学家爱德华•特勒去逝以前曾有过设想:向空中抛洒铝和硫的粉末,给地球降温。按照他的计算,向空中抛洒100万吨铝硫粉末,可以使日照减少1 %,从而起到降温作用。特勒提出的办法是要模仿大规模的火山爆发。1991年,波及范围达数百万千米的皮纳图博火山灰使地球气温下降了0.4l℃,而且持续时间达好几个星期。特勒设想:可以用飞行于13千米高空的飞机和部署于赤道上的美国海军大炮,向空中抛“火山灰”。但生物化学家们却给这种主张泼冷水,他们认为,散布于空中的这些硫和铝的微粒,很可能会严重干扰同温层。特勒还与人合作研究过其他使地球降温的方法:在轨道上放置5万面反射镜,发射一颗巨大的卫星,悬于地球与太阳之间,以挡住部分太阳辐射。

    除了特勒以外,还有许多科学家也在苦苦思索,希望能找到奇妙的办法给地球降温。美国物理学家洛厄尔•伍德有一个同特勒的设想一样离奇的计划:在地球和太阳之间的万有引力互相抵消处(即拉格朗日点),安装一面直径为2000公里的半透明镜子。他认为,这面巨大的滤光镜不但能减少温室效应,而且能充当地球的空调器:改变滤光镜的倾斜度,以增加或减少透过它的太阳辐射量。但谁来支付超过1000亿美元的巨额费用呢?此外,这面滤光镜不但会破坏同温层,而且还有可能妨碍紫外线的通过(紫外线具有清理太空的功效)。

    有科学家从加强地球对太阳辐射的反射率的角度,探索给地球降温:将数以十亿计的白色聚苯乙烯高尔夫球投向海洋;将地球上的所有房屋的房顶都涂成白色。美国的一位科学家提出了一项更具有诗意的方案:将数千平方公里的阴云“染白”。通过向阴云喷一些微粒,使微小的雨滴数至少增加10%。这样,由于光学作用,层积云就会被照亮变白,就会反射更多的太阳光。

    还有人提出用深埋二氧化碳的办法给地球降温。美国和欧盟已拨巨款来研究在海洋和地层中埋藏二氧化碳的办法。从理论上讲,海洋和地层可以贮藏人类在几千年间生产的二氧化碳。研究人员要验证的是,二氧化碳溶解在海水中,是否会干扰海底生物的生存,因为二氧化碳溶解于海水后,会使海水酸化。