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文房四宝与中华文明

齐儆

      ①“文房四宝”首先是书绘符号和文字（包括图画文字）的工具与材料。符号和文字的发明与运用使人类社会为之改观。符号化的思维与行为，是人类生活中最富于代表性的特征。蒙昧、野蛮时代与文明时代区别的主要标志，就是文字的发明与使用。文字帮助人类创造文化、传播知识。文字在促进民族、国家的形成与发展中，在加强民族、国家的团结与凝聚上，都起着巨大的不可替代的作用。

      ②文字的书写是离不开表现它的工具与材料的，离不开笔、墨、纸、砚。因此可以毫不夸张地说，没有“文房四宝”就没有我国古代发达的经济、灿烂的文化，就没有伟大的中华文明。中国也就不会成为在人类历史上占有重要地位的文明古国。

      ③“文房四宝”是中华民族特有的绘写工具与材料，掌握与运用“文房四宝”，创造了中华民族特有的书法和国画。可以说没有“文房四宝”就没有中国的书画艺术。譬如只有以毛笔用墨及砚，在宣纸上，才可表现独具中国风格的书画，才能体现特有的中华文明之神韵。宣纸具有润墨性，施墨于上，可分五彩（焦、浓、淡、枯、湿），墨色斑斓，淋漓流畅。国画追求笔墨气韵，尤其水墨写意，更为注重墨韵，纸性渗墨散彩，层次分明；纸质净洁柔韧，涩滑适意。于上用墨，可生独特艺术效果，真可谓，运笔作字，龙蛇飞动，可得烟云尽态之姿，能获五颜六色之效。挥毫构画，肆意渲染，尽显“六法”气韵之神，俱收缥缈空灵之妙。

      ④再有“文房四宝”在其发展过程中，实用性与艺术性逐步结合，成为既有文具功能，又有欣赏价值的工艺品。无论是笔是墨还是砚，往往都经过雕饰、装潢，甚至纸张也是有一定的美形与花色。“此行不为鲈鱼脍，自爱名山入剡中。”（李白句）它们不仅可供使用，更可欣赏收藏，成为文玩清供。

      ⑤最后，在长期的中华文化发展史上，“文房四宝”本身也蕴涵了文化内容，形成了文化，成为中华文化的重要组成部分。历代称颂“文房四宝”的诗文，就是这方面很好的体现。“砚铭”也是其中重要的内容。

      ⑥铭文是镌刻于器物或碑石上的“以称功德，以申监诫”的文体。砚铭是镂契在砚石上的铭文。砚铭常常表现砚主的思致、德操、藻志、情趣。民族英雄岳飞为其藏砚题铭：“持坚，守白，不磷，不缁”。（典出《论语•阳货》）后来，民族英雄文天祥又在砚侧镌刻铭文：“岳忠武端州石砚向为君直同年所藏，咸淳九年十二月十有三日寄赠，天祥铭之曰‘砚虽非铁，难磨穿心，虽非石如其坚，守之弗失道自全。’”沅茝〔zhi 止〕醴兰，忠荩〔jin 尽〕高致。镌石铭砚，坚洁昭质。抒发了崇高理想，显示了坚贞气节。

      ⑦一方石砚，就地质学意义上讲，只是一块岩石。若镂记于石，铭志于砚，此块“石头”便大不相同了。明清之际学者朱舜水在其一首《砚铭》中说：“砚以文重，文以人重……苟违斯义，瓦砾无用。”一方铭砚，尤其贤德铭砚，就不仅是一件文具，一种文玩，它已是文化精神的载体，其本身也成为文化。

      ⑧“文房四宝”是中华民族灿烂文化的重要组成部分，是中华民族的艺术瑰宝，也是中华民族文化精神的体现。今天，我们应当弘扬传统文化，光大中华文明，为振兴中华做出贡献。

（选自《中国的文房四宝》，有改动）

____ you ever ____ (lock) your keys in the house?

Oh, it ___________ so nice. What beautiful music it is!

    Daniel was born in New Orleans, LA., in 1962, slow to walk and talk, and short. He was the tiniest in his class, but he developed a warm, outgoing nature and was popular with his peers(同龄人). And he became skillful at sports.

    Baseball gave him his earliest challenge. He was an excellent players in Little League. At graduation, the coach named Daniel the team's most valuable player.

    His finest hour, though, came at a school science meeting. He entered an exhibit explaining how the circulatory system works. It was traditional, especially compared to（与…相比）the modern, computerized, blinking-light models entered by other students. My wife, Sara, felt embarrassed for him.

    It turned out that the other kids had made their exhibits. As the judges went on their rounds, they found that these other kids couldn't answer their questions. Daniel answered every one. When the judges awarded the Albert Einstein Plague for the best exhibit, they gave it to him.

    By the time Daniel left for college he stood six feet tall and weighed 170 pounds. He was in superb condition, but he quit baseball for English literature. I was sorry that he would not develop his athletic talent, but proud that he had made such a satisfactory decision.

    One day I told Daniel that the great failing in my life had been that I didn't take a year or two off to travel when I finished college. This is the best way, to my way of thinking, to broaden oneself. Once I had married and begun working, I found that the dream of living in another culture had disappeared. Daniel thought about this. After graduation, he worked as a waiter at college, a bike messenger and a house painter. With the money he earned, he had enough to go to Paris.

    The night before he was to leave, I tossed in bed. I was trying to figure out something to say. Nothing came to mind. Maybe, I thought, it wasn't necessary to say anything.