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匠心之道“守破离”

刘根生

       ①一部《战争与和平》，草婴翻译了6年。他一生追求像原著一样的艺术标准，翻译作品始终遵从六道工序：研读原著、译文、读译文、请人朗读、交编审、打磨求“神韵”。连环画泰斗贺友直的作品被称为“把故事画活了”，生前却自称是个“大匠人”，“蜗居”闹市数十年，每日挥毫不止，在中国传统线描中融入西画写实造型方法，将线描艺术推向高峰。他们都有一个共同特点，就是独具匠心，终而造诣精深，成其大器。

       ②匠心之道，看似无着处，实则有迹可循。有一本叫《匠人精神》的书，这样讲成为一流工匠的“守破离”：跟着师傅修业谓之“守”，在传承中加入自己想法谓之“破”，开创自己新境界谓之“离”。草婴和贺友直的艺术造诣，可说是对此生动的诠释。善于“守破离”，才能有所创造，有所成就。

       ③守，A．当年，法拉第要弟子每天记录实验结果，弟子觉得这事枯燥乏味没意义，不久就走了。后来，法拉第因电磁学方面的重大发现而获得殊荣，面对一事无成又找上门来的弟子，他说自己不过是把弟子认为没意义的事坚持了10年，在记下数千个“NO”之后，终于写下了一个“YES”。今天，有的研究者缺少坐“十年冷板凳”的决心和毅力，耐不了寂寞，稳不住心神。有的人在立项资助“诱惑”下，频繁转换科研“频道”，甲地优惠到甲地，乙地优惠又跑回乙地。心上长草“守不住”，飘移不定，又如何能把一件事干到极致？

       ④破，B．齐白石说：“学我者生，似我者死。”这是要后人不能止步于临摹，而要学其神韵善突破。一种现象存在已久，学某某而安于做“小某某”或“小小某某”。如同“受过训练的跳蚤”，即使盖板已拿掉，也不会越过原有高度。没有“破”，“守”则成墨守成规，“离”则无从谈起。没有最好，只有更好。前人技艺再高，也终究有局限性。小疑小进，大疑大进。扬前人所长而补其短，方能在推陈出新中别开生面。

       ⑤离，C．当年，女科学家麦克林托克发现“跳跃基因”。因其“离经叛道”，同行骂她疯了。多年后，其成果才得到承认，她也因此获诺贝尔奖。“破”属于推陈出新，是横向进步；“离”属于颠覆性创新，是纵向进步。历史的高峰永无止境，“不日新者必日退”。多些颠覆性创新，才会有一个又一个“山外山、峰有峰”。对新发现应先察而勿先骂，宽容“离经叛道”，激励“异想天开”，为颠覆性创新批量出现营造优良土壤。

       ⑥“技可进乎道，艺可通乎神。”匠心是精雕细刻和精益求精之心，是追求卓越不断超越之心，是破除成见不断创新之心。匠心之道贵在“守破离”。

《人民日报》）

给下划线的字注音。

             Parents who help their children with homework may actually be bringing down their school grades. Other forms of prenatal involvement, including volunteering at school and observing a child's class, also fail to help, according to the most recent study on the topic.
The findings challenge a key principle of modern parenting(养育子女) where schools except them to act as partners in their children's education. Previous generations concentrated on getting children to 
school on time, fed, dressed and ready to learn.
       Kaith Robinson, the author of the study, said, "I really don't know if the public is ready for this but there are some ways parents can be 
involved in their kids' education that leads to declines in their academic performance. One of the things that was consistently negative was
 parents' help with homework." Robinson suggested that may be because parents themselves struggle to understand the task." They may 
either not remember the material their kids are studying now, or in some cases never learnt it themselves, but they're still offering advice."
       Robinson assessed parental involvement performance and found one of the most damaging things a parent could do was to punish their children for poor marks. In general, about 20% of parental involvement was positive, about 45% negative and the rest statistically
 insignificant.
      Common sense suggests it was a good thing for parents to get involved because "children with good academic success do have involved
 parents ", admitted Robinson. But he argued that this did not prove parental involvement was the root cause of that success." A big 
surprise was that Asian-American parents whose kids are doing so well in school hardly involved. They took a more reasonable approach, conveying to their children how success at school could improve their lives."

小伟成绩不好，但我觉得他（     ）