The poverty line is the minimum income that people need for an acceptable standard of living. People with incomes below the poverty line are considered poor. Economists study the causes of poverty in order to find solutions to the problem.

    As the general standard of living in the country rises, the poverty line does, too. Therefore, even with today's relatively high standard of living, about 10 percent of the people in the United States are below the poverty line. However, if these people had stable jobs, they could have an acceptable standard of living. Economists suggest several reasons why poor people do not have jobs.

    For one thing, more than half of the poor people in the United States are not qualified to work. Over 40 percent of the poor people are children. By law, children less than 16 years old cannot work in many industries. A large number of poor people are old. Many companies do not hire people over 65 years old, the normal retirement age.

    Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons: they are sick, they do not have any motivation, they have family problems, or they do not believe that they can find a job.

    Other poor people look for a job, but cannot find one. Many poor adults never went to high school. Therefore, when they look for jobs, they have few skills that they can offer.

    At the present time, the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways:

    First, if the national economy grows, businesses and industries hire more workers. Some of the poor who are qualified to look for jobs may find employment. Then they will no longer below the poverty line.

    Second, if society invests in the poor，the poor will become more productive.

    If the government spends money on social programs, education and training for poor people, the poor will have the skills to offer. Then it is more probable that they can find jobs.

    Finally, if the government distributes society's income differently, it raises some poor people above the poverty line. The government collects taxes from the non-poor and gives money to the poor. These payments to the poor are called welfare.

    Some economists are looking for better solutions to the poverty problem. However, at the present time, many people depend on welfare for a minimally acceptable standard of living.

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    杨荐，字承略，秦郡宁夷人也。父宝，昌平郡守。荐幼孤，早有名誉。性廉谨，喜怒不形于色。魏永安中，随尔朱天光入关讨群贼，封高邑县男。文帝临夏州，补帐内都督。及平侯莫陈悦，使荐入洛阳请事。魏孝武帝授文帝关西大行台，仍除荐直阁将军。时冯翊长公主嫠居，孝武意欲归诸文帝，乃令武卫元毗喻旨。荐归白，文帝又遣荐入洛阳请之。孝武即许焉。孝武欲向关中，荐赞成其计。孝武曰：“卿归语行台迎我。”文帝又遣荐与长史宇文测出关候接。孝武至长安，进爵清水县子。

    魏大统元年，蠕蠕请和亲。文帝遣荐与杨宽使，并结婚而还。进爵为侯。又使荐纳币于蠕蠕。魏文帝郁久闾后崩，文帝遣仆射赵善使蠕蠕更请婚。善至夏州，闻蠕蠕贰于东魏，欲执使者。善惧，乃还。文帝乃使荐往，赐黄金十斤、杂綵三百匹。荐至蠕蠕，责其背惠食言，并论结婚之意。蠕蠕感悟，乃遣使随荐报命焉。及侯景来附，文帝令荐与镇遏。荐知景翻覆，遂求还，具陈事实。文帝乃遣使密追助景之兵。寻而景叛。

    十六年大军东讨文帝恐蠕蠕乘虚寇掠乃遣荐往更论和好以安慰之进使持节骠骑大将军开府仪同三司加侍中。

    孝闵帝践阼，除御伯大夫，进爵姚谷县公。仍使突厥结婚。突厥可汗弟地头可汗居东面，与齐通和，说其兄欲背先约。计谋已定，将以荐等送齐。荐知其意，乃正色责之，辞气慷慨，涕泗横流。可汗惨然良久曰：“幸无所疑，当共平东贼，然后发遣我女。”乃令荐先报命，仍请东讨。以奉使称旨，迁大将军。保定四年，又纳币于突厥。还，行小司马，又行大司徒。从陈公纯等逆女于突厥，进爵南安郡公。天和三年，迁总管、梁州刺史。后以疾卒。

(选自《周书·杨荐传》，有删改)

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