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 Are you a happy person most of the time? Or do you easily get angry sometimes? Everyone has a different temperament (脾气). It is usually believed that both genes (基因) and environment may affect people's temperaments in different ways. But now scientists have found that the season of birth also plays a role.

 Scientists from Budapest, Hungary, studied 400 university students. In the study, the students needed to finish a questionnaire (问卷). The purpose of it was to find out which of four kinds of temperaments they most had. From the questionnaire, scientists found that the students always answered something like "My mood often changes for no reason" and "I love to deal with new projects, even if it is risky". These answers were then matched with their birthdays.

  They discovered that people born in summer easily change between sad and happy moods compared to people born in winter. Those who always feel positive are mostly born in spring and summer.

The study also found that those born in autumn less probably had a mood of depression which may easily drive them to cry, while those born in winter were not easier to be angry.

 Scientists said that this was probably because the seasons had an influence on certain chemicals in the human body. And the chemicals are important to control people's moods even in adult life.

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"It seems that when you are born may increase or decrease your chance of developing certain mood disorders (紊乱)," lead scientist Xenia Gonda told The Telegraph.

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改革是社会发展的动力,每一个国家、每一个民族要发展进步,就必须与时俱进,敢于创新。阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一 : 行之十年,秦民大说(悦),道不拾遗,山无盗贼,家给人足。民勇于公战,怯于私斗,乡邑大治。

──《史记•商君列传》

材料二:孝文帝召见群臣,说:“现在要禁用鲜卑语,统一使用汉语……30岁以下的人和在朝廷做官的人,不得继续使用鲜卑语,明知故犯,就要降职和罢官。”

材料三:  百日维新的主要内容

经济方面

保护农工商业,提倡开办实业;奖励发明创造,发展科学技术

政治方面

广开言路,准许民众上书言事;精简机构,裁汰冗员,澄清吏治

文教方面

改革科举制度,废除八股文;鼓励兴办学堂,创设京师大学堂;提倡办报、译书、出国留学

军事方面

整顿陆海军,裁减冗兵,采用新法练兵,增强海防实力

──摘自中华书局版《中国历史》(八年级上册)

材料四:兹依照本法令……所指导的办法,将用以束缚定居在地主领地上的农民和家务农奴的农奴制度永远废除。

材料六:  1978年12月18日的北京,白雪皑皑,空气新鲜。在“文革”结束之后,中国面临向何处的重大历史关头,在这里召开了一次关系党和国家前途命运的极为重要的会议……中国实现了伟大的历史性转折。

对该国历史发展具有什么进步意义?

材料五:过去的西洋文明史是外国人引进的,从今后我们日本人要用自己的手将西洋文明带入国内。

──1868年某日本官员