题干

材料一:及秦公用商君,坏井田,开阡陌,急耕战之赏。虽非古道,犹以务本之故,倾邻国而雄诸侯。
——《汉书·食货志》
材料二:皇帝说:“如果名不正言不顺,那么各种制度就不能确立。现在要禁用鲜卑语,统一使用汉语。那些年龄在30岁以上的人,使用鲜卑语已成习惯,允许他们不立即改变。但是30岁以下的人和在朝廷做官的人,不得继续使用鲜卑语,明知故犯,就要降职或罢官。”
(1)材料一反映的是历史上的哪一次改革?这次改革有什么作用?
(2)材料二中的“皇帝”是谁?他进行改革的主要目的是什么?
(3)改革或变法代表了“百家争鸣”中哪一家的思想观点?这一学派的著名代表人物是谁?
(4)成功的改革对社会发展有什么作用?

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答案(点此获取答案解析)

(1)商鞅变法;废除了旧制度,促进了农业生产,提高了军队战斗力;使秦国成为战国后期最强大的诸侯国。
(2)北魏孝文帝;目的:为了革除落后习俗,吸收汉族的先进文化,巩固北魏的统治。
(3)法家;韩非子,
(4)改革有利于社会的进步或改革是推动社会进步的强大动力(其他答案言之有理即可)。

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    Do parents owe their kids anything? Starting from my position, parents do not owe their children a 1 education. If they can 2 it, they can 3send them to the best universities. But they must not feel guilty if they can't. If the children really want to go, they'll find a 4. There are plenty of loans (贷款) and scholarships for the bright and 5 ones who can't afford to pay.

    When children grow up and want to 6, their parents do not owe them a down payment on a house. They do not have the 7 to baby-sit their grandchildren. If they want to do it, it must be considered a 8 not a responsibility.

    Do parents owe their children anything? Yes, they owe them a great deal.

    One of their duties is to give their children a personal 9. A child who is constantly made to feel stupid and unworthy, constantly 10 to brighter brothers, sisters, or cousins will be so 11, so afraid of failing that he (or she) won't try at all. Of course they should be 12 corrected when they do wrong, but it's often better to let children learn their mistakes by themselves 13. All our parents should do is to trust them, respect them, tolerate (宽容) them and give them chances to try and fail. They must learn to stand 14. When criticisms (批评) are really needed, they should be 15 with praises, with a smile and a kiss. That is the way children learn.

    Parents owe their children a set of solid values around 16 they build their lives. This means teaching them to 17 the rights and opinions of others; it means being respectful to elders, to teachers, and to the law. The best way to teach such values is by 18. A child who is lied to will lie. A child seeing no laughter and no love in the home will have 19 laughing and loving.

    No child asks to be 20. If you bring a life into the world, you owe the child something.