题干

阅读下面的文字,完成下列各题。

    “和”是儒家美学思想的核心内容,也是中国古典美学的重要范畴,温柔敦厚的中和之美对于后世文学产生了深远影响。钱穆先生指出:“读一部中国文化史,正如听一场歌唱,不外一‘和’字。”“和”这一美学范畴包含着浓厚的政治、道德观念,它的内涵既是指艺术的,也是指道德的,是善与美的统一。《论语》中曾先后8次出现“和”的观念,如“君子和而不同,小人同而不和”,“礼之用,和为贵”,“和无寡”等。《左传》曰:“清浊、大小、短长、疾徐、哀乐、刚柔、迟速、高下、出入、周疏,以相济也。君子听之,以平其心。心平德和。”“和”的一个重要特征就是对立面的多样统一。孔子论“和”,强调用道德来规范审美对象和审美主体,以达到“善”和“美”的统一。“和”与“中”密不可分,“和”是把杂多与对立的事物有机地统一起来,“中”则是在“和”的基础上所采取的居中不偏、兼容两端的态度;“和”偏重事物的调和统一,“中”强调事物所达到的最佳状态。在《论语•先进》中,他评论他的学生说:“师也过,商也不及。曰:然则师愈与?子曰:过犹不及。”在艺术与审美方面,孔子对《关雎》的评价颇高:“《关雎》,乐而不淫,哀而不伤。”认为《关雎》在情感把握上恰到好处,既不过分,也无不及,这是非常可贵的。在他看来,像《关雎》那样不淫不伤的诗,才是合乎“中和”的诗,这才是合乎孔子所要求的美。“中”“和”本身,即包含着“美”与“善”的统一。孔子在其文质观上也体现出“和”的思想:“质胜文则野,文胜质则史,文质彬彬,然后君子。”“文”在这里指后天学习所形成的文化素质与修养,“质”指内在的道德品质。对于文学艺术来说,文和质,即形式和内容,如果能和谐统一的话,它就是美的,也是善的。孔子认为,无论是“质胜文”还是“文胜质”,都会产生偏重的效果,破坏和谐之美,外在的礼仪修养与内在的道德品质达到完美的融合,这样的人就是“君子”。理想的美应是文和质二者对立统一,这是“文质彬彬”的境界,也是“尽善尽美”的境界。

    儒家思想认为,善是美的基础、内容和目的,对美具有决定性作用,同时强调审美和艺术的道德与社会作用。孔子区分了“美”和“善”,又充分肯定了“美”和“善”的统一。好的客体必须符合美善合一的标准,同时审美主体也必须努力达到美善合一的程度。只有这样才能达到真正的“乐”。在儒家主张的中和之美中,“尽善尽美”代表了其最高的审美理想,通过艺术来倡导教化,实现社会和谐,在当今追求个体感官体验美学观念泛滥的情况下是非常必要的。从这一角度来讲,“尽善尽美”这一审美标准具有非常积极的社会意义,特别是在构建社会主义和谐社会的进程中,必然能产生非常积极的影响。

(摘编自《浅谈孔子美学思想之“尽善尽美”》)

上一题 下一题 0.0难度 选择题 更新时间:2015-10-13 04:41:46

答案(点此获取答案解析)

同类题1

阅读理解

    Gadgets that make study fun

    Now in a world piled high with smart phones, tablets and e-readers, technology has entered the classroom in ways unimaginable. Taking classes can be fun too. All you have to do is swipe your fingers on your phone screen and download some apps, which can make your study more fun and efficient. Balancing study and play in a college setting has never been easy-and with the following few apps, it'll be tough to tell the two apart.

    Evernote

    Use: note-taking

    Can be used on: Phone/iPad/iPod touch, Android, BlackBerry, Palm OS and     Windows, Phone 7

    Price: free

    It's hard to imagine that with all the magical gadgets, the eager, studious types would still take out a notepad, a pencil, and a highlighter—and take notes in class. While it's not an actual planner or a calendar App, if you take notes to stay organized, then Evernote is for you.The main thing about Evernote is that all of your notes are automatically sent into the cloud---and then you can access them from any web-connected computer via the Evernote app or a web browser. Evernote also supports audio and photo notes-rather handy if you want to record your lecture or take photos of any projected notes. But, of course, ask for permission first.

    Wikipanion

    Use: research database

    Can be used on: iPhone/iPad/iPod touch

    Price :free ( Wikipanion Plus for $4.99,or 31.87 yuan )

    Now, you don't necessarily have to go to a library or anywhere with computer services to do research work for your paper anymore. You can get access to the research databases just on your smart phone or tablet. Wikipanion gives you a simplified version of Wikipedia without leaving out any of the site's extra features. The normal links that you'd see to each section of an article are no longer on the main screen. Instead, there's small icon located at the bottom of the App, which can be used to access all the sections of an article. You can also open the links in Safari(苹果浏览器). According to the developers' site, loading Wikipedia pages with Wikipanion is a lot faster than accessing the Wikipedia site from the iPhone's browsers. To be honest, we agree.

    Conquering Bilingual News Listening in 7 Days

    Use: English learning application

    Can be used on: iPhone/iPad/iPod touch

    Price: For a limited time you can get the App for only $0.99—half price.

    Still learning English with a workbook? If so, you are behind the times. Get 21st Century Newspaper's new iPhone App, “Conquering Bilingual News Listening in 7 Days”. When you download the App on your iPhone, you can listen to the hottest bilingual news selected from the newspaper's official website (w. w. w. i2lst. cn) and read by native speakers. User can enjoy the audio bilingual news with synchronized subtitles and fantastic pictures while immersed in an authentic language environment. With a simple tap, the sentence you choose will be repeated. “Conquering Bilingual News Listening in 7 Days” has ranked No 1 on the Chinese education App list.