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古人出行带什么样的“包”

    ①在中国古代,衣服大多没有口袋,古人出行时“包”更是不可或缺。“包”最早并不叫“包”,而是叫“佩囊”。佩囊是古代使用最早、流行时间最久的包,像钥匙、印章、凭证、手巾一类必须随身带的东西,大都放在这种囊内。因为外出时多将其佩戴于腰间,故谓之“佩囊”。从文献记载来看,先秦时人们已有带包的习惯,即所谓“佩囊之俗”。古人的“佩囊之俗”据推测起源于士兵配备的箭囊。佩囊实用方便,从先秦用到了明清,虽然名称和款式多有变化,但人们都少不了佩囊。古代的包也有大小之别,汉代学者毛亨称“小曰橐,大曰囊”;制作材料也不一样,有皮包和布包之分。

    ②汉朝时,佩囊被称为“縢囊”。縢囊是一种小包。汉代也出现了一种叫“绶囊”的方形包,皇帝常常用之赏赐臣僚,有绶囊的人自然是有官爵之人,所以,“包”成了身份象征。绶囊主要用于盛放印信一类的东西。因为“包”已与身份联系了起来,所以在图案、色彩上都有规定和讲究。绶囊最常用的图案是兽头,故称“兽头辇囊”。兽头中又以虎头使用为多,因此又有“虎头擎囊”之称。与绶囊同样能显示身份的包还有“笏囊”,也称“笏袋”。“笏”即笏板,是官场用的简易手写板。盛放笏板的包便是笏囊。与绶囊多用青色不同,高级笏囊多用紫色,古人称之为“紫荷”。 紫荷也是唐朝官场上的高级包。

    ③唐代时,最能显示身份的包是“鱼袋”。绶囊是装印信的,而鱼袋则是盛放符契这类“身份证”的。唐朝时,官员的身份证明制成鲤鱼形,故名“鱼符”。凡五品以上官吏穿章服时必须佩戴鱼符;中央和地方互动,也以鱼符为凭信。凡有鱼符者俱给鱼袋,使用时系佩于腰间,内盛鱼符。鱼符有金、银、铜等质地,以区别地位;鱼袋也通过金、银装饰来分辨高低。宋朝使用的“鱼袋”也有金鱼袋、银鱼袋之分,但仅是一个空包,鱼符被废用了,仅在这种包上绣上鱼纹,凡有资格穿紫红、绯红官服的高官均可用这种包。

    ④除笏囊、鱼袋外,古代官场、文人间还有一种包很流行,这就是用来盛放计算工具、文具一类的“算袋”。 其实,“算袋”这种包很早就有,但汉代称“书囊”,也称“书袋”;宋朝称“算袋”为“昭文袋”,也称“照袋”、“招文袋”,民间则称其为“刀笔囊”,一直到明清都在使用。金代也使用算袋,但称为“书袋”。元明清时代,随着新物件的出现和使用,包的款式和功能也越来越丰富。如放钱放物的多用包“褡裢”、放烟丝的“烟袋”、盛放扇子的“扇囊”、盛放挂表的“表帕”、装饰价值更高的“荷包”等。其中“褡裢”为双层袋子,中间开口,两头放钱,使用时从中间对折,搭于臂膊上,故又称“搭膊”。因为搭膊多用来装钱,民间干脆呼之为“钱袋子”。因为“袋”与“代”谐音,常用之赠人,以讨“代代有钱”的口彩。

(摘编自《安阳晚报》2016年2月24日)

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    When it comes to generation gap (代沟), we usually think of different tastes in music, or pastimes. But now the generation gap is handwriting. After one teacher in Tennessee discovered that she had students who couldn't read what she was writing on the board, she posted it on the Internet saying that handwriting should be taught in schools.

    Others who are against it claim that handwriting has become out of time in our modern world. Typed words have become a main form of communication. Once a practical skill, handwriting is no longer used by most of Americans. It is no longer taught in schools, and some claim that the time that it would take to teach it could be put to better use, for example, by teaching the technical skills.

    But even in today's world there are still plenty of reasons to pick up a pen and write on the paper. In America, signatures (签字) by hand are still often required, for example, signing for a registered letter and buying a house. And original signatures are much more difficult to fake (伪造).

    There is also strong evidence that writing by hand is good for the mind. It makes a different part of the brain active and improves fine moving skills in young children. People are also more likely to remember what they write by hand than what they type, and the process of writing by hand has been shown to stimulate ideas. Not only those, studies have shown that kids who write by hand learn to read and spell earlier than those who don't.

    Yes, we live in a modern world, but we live in a modern world of basic and important values.