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                                                                                                           浓茶解酒
        ①“浓茶解酒”是一个在民间流传甚广的说法。近年来许多专家又说浓茶不仅不能解酒,反而伤身。茶与酒,到底是怎样的一对冤家?
        ②通常说的“解酒”,一般是指减轻喝酒过多的反应,比如头痛、呕吐、动作失调、反应缓慢等等。这种看得见摸得着的反应,必须要“解酒物”被迅速吸收并且发挥作用才能显示出来。
        ③酒精进入人体之后,会被转化为乙醛,然后转化为乙酸,最后分解为二氧化碳和水以及转化为脂肪。如果喝下的酒精不多,这个处理流程运行良好,人体就不会有太大的反应。反之,短时间内喝入大量酒精,超过了这一流水线的处理能力,就会有一些中间产物累积下来。多数人是乙醛转化为乙酸的那一步“窝工”了,导致体内乙醛含量升高。人体对乙醛比酒精还要敏感,于是就面红耳赤、头晕目眩,手脚也不听自己使唤了。
        ④要“解酒”,就需要加强这条流水线的运行。茶水中有不下几十上百种的物质,最重要的是咖啡因和茶多酚等抗氧化剂。然而,这些成分对这条“酒精代谢流水线”的运行无能为力。实际上,不仅是茶水不行,迄今为止科学家们也没有发现吃什么东西能够促进这条流水线的运行。
       ⑤不过这并不意味着喝茶对喝酒没有影响。我们知道,酒精的作用是让人晕眩、虚弱、运动能力失调,而咖啡因却可以刺激人兴奋和清醒。茶中含有大量的咖啡因,是不是可以“对抗”醉酒反应呢?这方面的研究还不少,比如2006年《酒精中毒:临床与实验研究》上就发表了一项研究结论:喝下同样的酒之后,同时喝运动饮料的人在头痛、虚弱、口干以及运动能力失调这些“醉酒征兆”方面都要明显低于单纯喝酒的人。运动饮料中含有咖啡因,运动饮料的这种“对抗作用”被归结于咖啡因的功劳。不过,人们会根据这些主观感觉来确定自己有没有“喝多”,这种“对抗作用”干扰了人对体内酒精量的判断,从而不知不觉喝得更多。因为有统计数据支持这一结论,所以美国甚至禁止了在酒精饮料中添加咖啡因的运动饮料。
        ⑥那一项研究中还检测了试验中志愿者的运动灵敏性,结果是虽然咖啡因使得喝了同样多酒的人感觉“好一些”,但是却没有帮助恢复运动灵敏性。一杯常规的茶比一杯咖啡中所含的咖啡因要少,但茶水的咖啡因含量跟茶叶本身、茶叶量、水温和冲泡时间密切相关。一杯“浓茶”,其中的咖啡因含量也就不容小视。
        ⑦茶中不仅有咖啡因,更有大量的抗氧化剂。这些成分对喝酒又有什么样的影响呢?当酒精代谢不畅,体内乙醛含量增加,在其他酶的作用下产生大量超氧阴离子。超氧阴离子会引发一连串的氧化反应,最终损害细胞膜、蛋白质和DNA。而抗氧化剂的作用,是制止这种过氧化反应的进行,因而起到保护细胞活力的作用。
         ⑧这种损害与保护都不是立竿见影,而是长期作用的结果,因此对“解酒”也没有明显的作用。不过对于长期喝酒的人,这种保护作用可能就有相当的价值。不过目前的结论只是,“如果不得不经常喝酒,那么经常喝茶可能有助于减少酒精对身体的氧化损伤”。但是,“减少”也不是“消除”。要健康,最好的选择还是不喝酒。

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    Getting rid of dirt(灰尘), in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.

    In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a way to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let illnesses in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king bad closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus it began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.

    Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War ll. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?

    Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warm(警告)their children of touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.