题干

利用光导纤维传输信息时其实是光的一种____ (选填“反射”或“直线传播”)现象.少数青少年由于沉迷于网络而用眼过度导致近视,近视眼看远处物体时,物体的像落在视网膜的____ (选填“前方”或“后方”),需要配戴____ 透镜进行矫正.

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反射,前方,凹

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    Phyllis Ramberg,85,lives alone in Hyattsville,Maryland,in the same house for many decades.“Children keep asking me,‘When are you going to move to one of those retirement villages?'I say,‘No,no.My friends are here, my church is close,'”Ramberg said."I've got everything I need,right in this neighborhood."A year ago,Ramberg was able to take care of her backyard.This year,she just can't do it herself."When illnesses happen,you just don't have the capability that you thought you had before,"she said.

    That's where "Aging in Place",a non-profit organization,comes in.Founder Lisa Walker says she and her friends are among the seven percent of Hyattsville residents who are 65 or older."A number of my neighbors are also around my age,"Walker said."We started talking about some of the concerns we had.Several of us had had issues with parents that were getting older and they were far away from them and didn't know how to take care of them or get support."

    Seniors can call Walker's organization with a request,for example,asking for someone to shop for groceries,do small chores around the house or drive them to the doctor.Then a volunteer is assigned to provide the help.Most of the calls are for rides to the doctor."They take me to all my medical appointments,"said Louise Battiste,who is almost 90.

    Aging in Place volunteer Sally Middlebrooks says that a review of new volunteers' background,such as driving records and any criminal history is just as important as the training they receive.“We want the seniors,people we call neighbors,to be assured that they are with safe,reliable people who are also caring people,”Middlebrooks said.

    The volunteers also gain some benefits."I've learned how to stay connected to people,your family and friends," Walker said."Do I stay close to them?Do I try to keep myself devoted to the community,relating to people younger than I am?"Middlebrooks said."I'm learning a lot about this whole process of aging,and I'm learning,to my alarm,that it's very difficult.But I'm also meeting people who amaze me with their flexibility and their sense of humor and their ability to stay very much alive despite aches and pains."

    Not all volunteers are retired.Courtney Wattai,24,is a graduate student at American University in Washington who studies care giving and plans to have a career working with seniors."That's kind of what I want to do because I want to make sure I'm able to improve their lives,"Wattai said.“I want to be involved in their lives,not just sitting at a desk doing things.I thought this would be a good way to give tribute to my grandparents and what they had done for me and my brother."

    It makes Walker happy to see the younger generation stepping up.She hopes that's how residents in her neighborhood will always care for each other.

同类题4

阅读下面的文字,完成下列小题。

    中原地区是夏商周三代和秦汉的统治中心,文明发达,历史悠久,制度健全,理所当然的是当时文化最昌盛的地区。秦汉大一统,政令号一,制度划一,为中原先进文化的传播和与各地文化的交流创造了条件。

    中国自古就有华夏与夷蛮戎狄(又称四夷)之分。春秋时期,王权衰落,天下大乱,华夏与四夷的界限被打破,出现“南夷与北狄交,中国(指中原)不绝若线”的局面。以齐桓公首霸为标志的春秋霸业,并没有真正做到“尊王攘夷”,晋文公也难以办到,周王室已无可挽救地衰落下去,一向被中原诸国看不起并被视为夷蛮的荆楚我行我素,早已独自称王,且鲸吞“汉阳诸姬”,饮马黄河,问鼎之轻重,形成了自己的文化特色。有学者认为汉文化的主要因素是中原文化和南方荆楚文化的结合,是有道理的。老庄道家源于南方,而又产生出黄老无为思想。汉赋也明显受到楚辞的影响。

    中国文化史上确实存在着南北的差异。梁启超说:“穹古之事不可纪,今后之局犹未来,然则过去历史之大部分,实不外黄河、扬子江两民族竞争之大舞台也。”(《饮冰室文集》之十)然而,在某种意义上我们可以说正是南北文化的交融,造就了中华文化在世界文化史上的地位。

    秦汉时期,被认为是南蛮的百越和西南各族加强了与中原地区的联系。南越的犀牛角、象牙、珍珠、银、铜、布被用来与北方交换。1983年在广州市发现第二代南越王墓,其墓制基本同于西汉诸侯王,出土有玉衣、金印、铜铁器、漆木器等。反映了当时南越的文明水平以及与中原的密切关系。西南少数民族古称西南夷,为加强对他们的统治,秦建有“五尺道”,汉设有武都郡、益州郡等六郡,并封滇王,赐滇王金印。

    同时,中原汉族与东北各族的经济文化联系也明显加强,如乌桓在武帝时受汉统治,为汉守边保塞,后结怨于王莽,与匈奴为友。东汉又率众归化,光武帝时封乌桓渠帅81人为侯王君长,后又设护乌桓校尉加强控制,使其加快了封建化的步伐。

    从黄巾起义、董卓之乱直到隋文帝统一的400年间,兵祸连年,政权更迭频繁。东汉末年的军阀混战和三国鼎立,仅仅是更大动乱的序曲,经西晋短暂的统一,北方出现五胡十六国的割据,继而又有北魏和东魏、西魏的裂变和嬗递。南方则有东晋、宋、齐、梁、陈诸王朝的更迭,这是中国继春秋战国时代之后又一个乱世,而且乱的规模更大、乱的范围更广,影响更深远。春秋战国把思想和学术从旧的思想体系中解放出来,赋予它以新的生命和活力,多元的思想、教育、学术,为秦汉奠定了高起点发展的基础。汉代为适应政冶上大一统的需要,几经变更整合,终于将儒家思想定为一尊,整合兼纳道法阴阳诸家而为一元帝国文化。魏晋南北朝的动荡又将一元文化打碎,旧的名教和经学受到空前猛烈的冲击。佛教广为流传,并加快了汉化的进程。当四个世纪的震荡结束以后,一个崭新的、充满生机和活力的强大王朝——唐朝就屹立于世界的东方。

(节选自裘士京、房列曙、周晓光编著《中国文化史纲》)