题干

纵观古今,任何一个国家、任何一个时期,政治体制的变化,都会影响这个国家和社会的发展。阅读下列材料,回答问题:

材料一:在中国长达数千年的历史上,有过三次大革命,他们从根本上改变了中国的政治结构和社会结构。第一次发生在公元前221年,……第二次发生于1911年,……第三次在1949年的……”

——斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史》

材料二:“民国”之取代自秦始皇以来两千多年的“帝国”,是中国近代内在矛盾发展的结果,是一种前无古人的变化。它打破了历代王朝的更迭机制,否定了整个皇权体制,因而也触动了传统社会的各条神经,是政治制度和社会思想的一大跃进。

——陈旭麓《近代中国社会的新陈代谢》

材料三:“光荣革命后英国建立了一个合适的政治制度,这个制度保证社会有宽松、和平的环境。”“光荣革命创造了一种适合英国历史和政治传统的新的社会进步方式,那就是:用和平变革的方式体现社会进步。这种模式,成为它为后世留下的最独特的遗产。从此以后,英国就是在议会制度的框架之内,进行和平和渐进的制度改革。”

——钱乘旦《英国通史》

材料四:从美利坚合众国形成的过程和背景来看,美国的立国经验是独特的。首先,和西方大多数国家不一样,美利坚合众国的建立不是自上而下,而是自下而上完成的,国家体系的形成是先有州而后才有国家。其次,“州”的地位的演变,一直是这个国家形成过程中的关键,州先由殖民地上升为独立之“邦”,后又降格为从属于联邦的成员,不管其地位如何演变,但始终都保持着相当的独立性。再次,由于合众国直接脱胎于“联合殖民地”,因此这种联合的程度和方式作为一种标志,不仅划分了这个国家形成过程中的不同阶段,也在一定程度上决定了这个国家组织和结构的形式,而与其他任何国家不同。

——何顺果《美国史通论》

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      Once I spoke at a high school. After the speech, the principal asked me to see a special student. An     1  had kept the boy home, but he had expressed an interest in meeting me, and it would mean a great deal to him. I agreed.
        He was Matthew.   2 he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to see five, then they were told 3  would not make it to ten. Now he was thirteen. He wanted to meet me because I was a gold-medal weight lifter.
I spent over an hour talking to Matthew. He spoke about   4 and succeeding and seeking(追寻)his dreams.
When we finished talking, I went to my    5 and pulled out the first gold medal I won and put it around his neck. I told him he was more of a winner and knew more about    6   and overcoming obstacles(克服障碍)than I ever would. He looked at it for a while, then took it off and handed it 7 to me. He said, “You are a champion. You earned that medal. Someday when I get to the Olympics and win my own medal, I will show it to you.”
        Last summer I got the news that Matthew had8  and a letter Matthew had written to me a few days before:
Dear Rick,
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Thank you for loving me.
Your friend
Matthew