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如图所示,电路中电源电压和灯L的电阻保持不变,定值电阻R=20Ω,灯L标有“8V  6.4W”字样,电流表用0~0.6A量程,电压表用0~15V量程.

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同类题4


悲加欢不等于零
叶春雷
      ①我想用一个数学公式来表达我的人生观:悲+欢≠零。
      ②人生常常出现这样的情景:一件让人开心的事情之后,紧接着就来了一件让人不开心的事,这不开心的事把刚才开心的事抵消了,幸福指数变成了零,或者甚至变成了负数,让人沮丧至极。
      ③但我想说的是:悲加欢不等于零,更不等于负数。古语说得好,人生不如意的事常八九,换而言之,人生如意的事仅一二。如果用数理逻辑来推理,人生的幸福指数,自然只是一个负数,而且还是一个大大的负数。那么,人生就根本没有幸福指数可言,只有“痛苦指数”这个概念了。
      ④但人生毕竟不是一道数学题,人生的逻辑也不简单的数理逻辑所能概括的。人生的逻辑是什么呢?苏东坡说:“人有悲欢离合,月有阴晴圆缺,此事古难全。但愿人长久,千里共婵娟。”曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中是这样说的:“美中不足,好事多魔。”注意,他用的是“魔鬼”的“魔”,不是“磨难”的“磨”。两位绝顶聪明的文学大师,其实表达了一个共同的观点:人生是有缺憾的,不能求全责备。对于人来说,我们所能做的,一个是接受,一个是期待。接受现实的残酷,期待未来的美好,并为这个美好的未来,做一点力所能及的事情。
      ⑤由此,我们不能仅仅从数理逻辑的角度,用数量看待人生的幸福指数。例如,一天之中,有两件开心的事,却有四件拂心的事,是否我这一天的幸福指数是负二呢?非也。换一个角度,拂心的事,往往能助人成长,甚至比开心的事对人的帮助更大。《菜根谭》中说:“二中常闻逆耳之言,心中常有拂心之事,才是进德修行的砥石。若言言悦耳,事事快心,便把此生埋在鸩毒中矣。”按照洪应明的说法,拂心的事,对人生有正面影响,应该是正数,倒是那些快心的事,容易让人得意忘形,在人生层面上,倒成了负数。这和我们通常把拂心的事看成负数,把快心的事看成正数,完全相反。这样,我举的这个例子,从常人的角度,用数学公式表达,是:(﹣4)+2=﹣2,从洪应明的角度,则是4+(﹣2)=2。
      ⑥其实,生活中逆耳的话、拂心的事,帮助我们进德修行,对我们的人生是正数;那些鼓励的话、开心的事,让我们人生充满信心。我们只要谦虚谨慎,不得意忘形,就可以把那些鼓励的话、开心的事,同样看成是正数。那么,我们的幸福指数用数学公式来表达,就应该是4+2=6、由此可见,悲加欢,绝不等于零,更不等于负数。人生绝非没有意义,更不会让人背上沉重的包袱。事实上,人生的幸福指数,永远是一个整数,那些拂心的事越多,成为正数的可能性就越大。
      ⑦什么叫乐观主义?把拂心的事看成正数,把悲多余欢的人生看成是一个正数,这就是乐观主义。你怎么看待生活,生活就怎么对你。在这个意义上,丰子恺先生的话相当有道理:“不是生活选择了你,是你选择了生活。”
      ⑧悲加欢不等于零,悲加欢一定是一个大大的正数。生活是有意义的,值得我们用心去过。这就是我对生活的信念,我要把这个信念告诉每一个热爱生活的人。
(选自《思维与智慧》2014年第19期,有删改)

同类题5

      Hip hop or rap (说唱) music as it is also called, started on the street and in the clubs of the New York City in the 1970s . But today many countries have their own kind of  hip hop music . This kind of music comes from reggae, disco and funk music . Rapping means speaking to the  rhythm of the music, and it is an important part of the music . People rap to express how they feel about their lives and problems .
Rapping in class.
       Would you like to rap in class? Well actually, hip pop music is played in more than 10,000 schools in the USA .Why ? There is a new school program called “ Flocabulary ”in which teachers use texts and hip hop CDs to help teach different school subjects . The words of the songs are just what students are studying . This makes learning easy and fun . Students and teachers are excited about the positive results it has had on exam marks . One teacher said, “ I've used hip hop songs in class, and I have never seen my students so crazy about history ! You can't imagine how well they imagine how well they remember what I teach ! We even try to write our own songs . ”
Whose idea was Flocabulary?
     Blake Harrison, a high school student, was the first person to come up with the idea of Flocabulary . The word “ Flocabulary ” comes from the word “ flow ” and “ vocabulary ” . “ Flow ” is a rap word for “ style ”,or the way a rapper says the words of a song . “ Vocabulary ” means the words you have to learn in a language . How did he get the idea ? Well, he realized he could remember the words of a hip hop song very easily . So,why not make lessons into songs ? Today together with Alex Rappaport, a song writer, Blake produces hip hop songs for maths, science and literature (文学). They are now used in schools with great success .