题干

阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料一:法国大革命一举扫除了封建式的中央集权的地方管理体制和制度,确定法兰西是“统一的和不可分割的”共和国,建立了新的国家行政区。根据新的规定,全国分为83个人口大致相同的省,省下面再设立区、县和市镇。与此同时,建立了新的中央集权的政治和行政管理体制,统一领导和管理地方政府,允许选出地方代表进行自治,给予地方民选机构许多权力以便独立管理本地事务。新的地方管理体制和制度取消了关卡,统一了税收,打通了商品和贸易渠道,大大促进了法国经济的发展,使法兰西语言和文化逐渐普及,地方风俗习惯的差别逐渐缩小,种族逐渐同化,从而加速了法国政治的统一,促进了法兰西民族的最后形成。

——穆陵《法国地方政府制度的沿革与改革》

材料二:(美国)联邦制像宪法一样,也是在反对中央集权的气氛中发展起来的。因为新兴各州都奉行分裂主义。在1789年之前,合众国是一个由13个独立共和国组成的联盟。这一结构的缺点变得日益明显。于是,1787年在费城拟定了一部宪法,依据这部宪法,合众国不仅仅是一个国家联盟,而且还是一个联邦,生活在联邦里的个人,出于某些目的,是美利坚合众国的公民;而出于其他目的,又是各州里的公民。可见,构成联邦共和国的首先是人,而不是州。

——帕尔默《现代世界史》

一个国家倘若希望寻求一种最能促进自由的政府形式,那么,联邦制提供了一个值得考虑的榜样。

——美国第四任总统詹姆斯·麦迪逊

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信息归纳, 请阅读下面短文,根据所提供的信息,完成信息卡。

    Now mobile phones become more and more popular. Should the middle school students be allowed (被允许)to use mobile phones? Different people have different ideas.

    John: My school is far away from my home. I only go home on weekends. So my parents bought me a mobile phone to keep in touch(联系) with me. It's convenient. I don't need to look for IC phones any more.

Mary: I think it's bad for us to use mobile phones in class. But after classes we can use them. We aren't kids any more, we know when and where to use it, so teachers and parents should believe us and let us use mobile phones.

Tony: I often send WeChat messages to my friends by mobile phone. It won't cost too much. It's a good way to talk with my friends when they are not with me.

    Andy: I think mobile phone is not only a tool for communication, but also a symbol of fashion. If you have no mobile phone, it means you are out of fashion. In other words, it's cool to have a mobile phone.

    Ted: We all know that it's convenient to have mobile phones. But many students often use them to play games or watch videos. It's bad for our study. I don't think it's necessary for students to have a mobile phone.

    Information Card

The time John goes home

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The thing Tony likes doing by using the mobile phone

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The time Mary thinks that we can use mobile phones

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Andy's feeling about having a mobile phone

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The number of the students who think they can have a mobile phone

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