城市自产生以来，就一直是文明的要素和载体。在不同的历史阶段，城市的功能、地位都有明显的差别。阅读下列材料：

材料一 在古代中国，大约在距今4000～5000年间，中国黄河流域、长江流域即先后出现了一批早期城市，这些城市都是区域性的政治、军事中心。春秋战国时期，中国各地形成了大批城市，这些城市的出现都是中国统治者为了建立政治中心、军事据点而建立起来的。

——周执前《古代城市发展道路的规律及其社会学意义》

材料二 随着农村商品经济水平的提高，在明代中后期，一批乡村市镇脱颖而出，成为手工业和商业中心。广东茂名梅篆墟，地处水陆交驰的交通线上，各地商人来这里坐肆列市。清初叶梦珠记述，松江府朱泾镇标布盛行，富商巨贾操重资而来市者，白银动以数万计。松江府新场镇以盐场新迁而名，赋为两浙之最，是著名盐业市镇。正德年间《姑苏志》载该府市镇达73个之多，以苏州府吴江县盛泽镇为例，东南至新杭市5里，东至王江泾镇6里，北至平望镇l5里，西至震泽镇30里，至南浔镇50里。

——摘编自《中国全史》，吉林大学出版社（2011年版）

材料三 作为中国历史最为悠久的金融贸易区，上海外滩建筑大都是在19世纪末20世纪20—30年代建造的银行办公大楼，多以欧洲新古典主义建筑风格和折中主义风格相融合，建筑的造型、体量和轮廓线与建材的质感、色彩等呈现高度的和谐，代表了上海独特……建筑文化背景，尤其是外滩沿线风格多样、鳞次栉比的各式建筑沿江林立，久享“万国建筑博览会”的美誉。

——浙江科技学院施得法教授《中外建筑史》课程调研报告

材料四 上海对外开放大事记：

请回答：

图是肾单位结构模式图，请据图回答：

一战前的两大军事侵略集团名称是什么？包括哪些国家？

What ____ ____ to the supermarket?

阅读理解

    A ground-based system that uses much stronger signals than GPS can find your location in cities and indoors. It is a new positioning system that could compete with GPS to make sure you never lose your directions again.

    Instead of satellites, Locata uses ground-based equipment to send a radio signal over a localized area that is a million times stronger on arrival than GPS. It can work indoors as well as outdoors, and the makers claim that the receivers can be shrunk(缩小) to fit inside a regular cell phone. Even the US armies, which invented GPS technology, signed a file last month agreeing to a test of Locata at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.

    “This is one of the most important technology developments for the future of the positioning industry,” says Nunzio Gambale, CEO and co-founder of the firm Locata, based in Griffith, Australia.

    As for the Locata's correctness, Christopher Morin of the US Air Force tested it recently at White Sands, and it worked to within 18cm along any axis(轴). Morin said it should be possible to get the exactitude down to 5cm.

    The tests were performed in an open desert where GPS also worked beautifully, but its signal was weak—like a car headlight from 20,000 kilometers away—and easily cut off by solid objects(实心的物体). Locata's signal was far stronger, though not guaranteed to work in a complex urban environment, said David, speaker of the UK' s General Lighthouse Authorities.

    Locata's technology will face competition in the race to transform indoor navigation. But it could shine in specific areas, Gambale said. Robots with Locata could easily navigate inside buildings without the complex optical(视觉的) systems they need at the moment. And the process that handles correct location data could not only guide you around a mall, railway station or airport, but also take you to the exact shelf in a shop for the product you want. It would be small and cheap enough for smart phones and it should be available within five years—a similar path to the one GPS took on its way towards the world, he said.