北京属于典型的____气候，夏季____，冬季寒冷干燥．

清凉琐忆

项丽敏

    端午之后，盛夏的暑热如一匹金毛猛兽纵身而至，脚步所踏之地迅速蹿起灼人的热焰。

    人们纷纷逃入室内，关紧门窗，打开空调，以现代电器制造出的凉冷抵抗暑热的威逼。空调供给的冷风把室内变成了幽凉的洞穴，而室外则更如热浪滾动的火炉了。这个时候，最叫人措手不及的是突然断电。洞穴很快变成蒸笼，从笼子里跑出来又不知该往何处，不由得怀念起那个在树荫、河水、竹床、凉席上度过的充满了趣味的夏天。

    在夏天使用凉席祛暑的时代得追溯到东周之前，《诗经·小雅》里的“上莞下簟，乃安斯寝”是关于凉席的最早书写。李清照的“红藕香残玉簟秋”，则将凉席提升至艺术的审美境界，惊艳的忧伤，令读者在品咂文字时便生出凉意。

    玉簟是诗人冠之于凉席的美名。在民间，凉席的称呼则是朴素和直接的，草编的凉席就叫草席，竹编的凉席就叫竹席。草席是用马兰草、蒲草或灯芯草编织而成，质地柔软，凉度也较低，适合体质较弱的幼童和老人。竹席则以水竹、毛竹、油竹等为原料，将竹皮劈成篾丝，经蒸煮、浸泡等工艺后以手工经纬编织而成。竹席的优点在于透汗性好，凉度高，置身其上确有冰玉般的凉润与光滑。

    放暑假了，孩子们像松了绑的小猴子，迫不急待地扑入山野，在河里嬉水、捉鱼，在长满野果的树上爬来爬去，或抓着一根树枝荡秋千。玩累了，就摘一片棕树叶子顶在头上回家。

    母亲将一张旧的大草席铺在堂前的地上，穿堂风则像穿了隐身衣的顽童窜来窜去，不停地拂动墙上贴着的年画，弄出沙沙的响动。孩子们在凉席上围坐着、扭打着，把已经破了的凉席边缘扯得更破。

    母亲一声令下，让孩子们停止打闹，乖乖地睡午觉时，铺在地上的凉席一下子就变硬了，仿佛有很多的小石子在凉席里藏着，硌得人翻来翻去，难受极了。这时母亲便拿过一只大蒲扇，在凉席边缘坐下，看见有不安分的孩子想恶作剧时，便竖起扇脊敲过去，那孩子赶紧闭上眼睛，假装睡着了。

    儿时，那张上了年岁的旧凉席，终于浸润上琥珀的光亮，成了盛夏记忆里最清凉的回想。

【注】①上莞下簟：莞，蒲草，这里指草席；簟，竹席。

    One day，a teacher entered the classroom and told the students about a test. After hearing，all students were seated and waited for the test to1. Now, the teacher gave the test papers to all students and put the text face down at the desk. When he finished handing out the test to all students, he asked2 to turn the test pages and begin.

    Students were surprised to see that there was not a 3 but just a black dot   in the center of the page. The teacher noticed the students' face expression and told them, “I want you to write about 4you see there.”

The students were still5but got started with the test. At the end of the class, the teacher took all answer sheets and started reading each answer from each sheet in front of all students. All of them described about the black dot and tried to explain its position etc. After the teacher finished reading, the whole class was6.

    Then professor began to explain, “Don't worry, I am not going to give you 7 for this but I just want you to think about something. Here everyone focused on the black dot and wrote about it,8no one wrote about the white paper, the 9 is with our lives. The white paper stands for our whole life and the black spot stands for10in our life.

    Our life is a gift given to us by God,11love and care, and we always have reasons to celebrate –our friends around us, the job that can 12us our living, the miracles  we see every day.

    Still we just13 day to day problems like health problems, lack of money, problems in relationships etc. but we never see that these problems are very small compared to14 we have in our lives.”

    So we should try to take eyes off our problems and15each moment that life gives us. Be happy and live life positively.

对下列加下划线虚词用法的判断，正确的一项是(    )

①游于三辅，因入京师，观太学

②衡乃拟班固《两都》作《二京赋》，因以讽谏

③精思傅会，十年乃成

④自此以后，乃令史官记地动所从方起