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“散文”何谓

郭英德

    在中国古代文化语境中,作为一种文体,“散文”的内涵和外延一直相当模糊。

    首先,以韵律作为分类标准,“散文”可以与“韵文”相对称。古人曾经在“韵”“散”区别的意义上,界说“诗”与“文”两种文体,有时称为“韵语”和“散语”;有时称为“诗律”与“散文”;有时则分辨押韵与不押韵,将不押韵的文本称为“散文”。但是,在中国古人的文体辨析中,是否有韵律,并不足以区分“诗”与“文”,我们既不能说散文是非韵文,也不能说非韵文即散文。

    其次,以语体作为分类标准,“散文”可以与“骈文”相对称,排比俪偶为“骈文”,散行直言为“散文”。“散文”与“骈文”相对称的文体意义,到南宋时开始逐渐确立,并大量使用。如吕祖谦认为:“散文以深纯温厚为本,四六须下语浑全,不可尚新奇华巧而失大体。”他说的“四六”即指骈文。但是,奇偶相生、骈散相杂,原本就是汉语文章的特点。因此在历代写作实践中,骈散之分,从来都是相对的而非绝对的,骈文容有散行之气,散文也不乏骈偶之语。周必大早就认识到:“四六特拘对耳,其立意措辞,贵浑融有味,与散文同。”所以今人也常常以“散文”统称散体文与骈体文,甚至统称赋,并从学理上探求其相通相融,认为古典散文的研究应该包括骈文和赋在内。

    第三,以典籍目录作为分类标准,“散文”隶属集部典籍,经籍、史籍、子籍之文不属于“散文”。南朝梁萧统编纂《文选》,基本上采取了这一选文标准。但是谁也无法否认,经籍、史籍、子籍之中包含着大量的散文(或称“古文”)。经籍如《尚书》《春秋左氏传》,后人称为“史传散文”;《论语》《孟子》,后人称为“诸子散文”;即便《礼记》中的诸多篇章,也进入后人的“散文”视野。所以刘熙载说:“《六经》,文之范围也。”在中国古代典籍文献中,早就形成一个以经部为源头与规范,史部、子部分流殊派,集部蔚为大观的“散文”世界。

    因此从整体上看,中国古代散文历时久远,歧义纷呈,旁枝杂出,的确难以“正名”。“散文何谓”,这恐怕已经是,并且永远是一个难以准确回答、也不必准确回答的问题。

    当然,中国古代散文的体制、语体、体式无论多么纷繁,多么变动,就其内涵而言,应该有着一脉相承的审美对象和精神结构,借用萧统《文选序》的概括,就是“事出于沉思,义归乎翰藻”。我觉得,这一概括,虽然模糊,却也实用,不仅可以指称古代的散文,也可以指称现当代的散文。至于“散文”的外延,完全可以是流动性、开放性、包容性的,因时不同,因体不同,甚至因人不同。“定体则无,大体须有”,这是文体的特质,其实也是“文学”的特质。

    因此,从汉语文章的实际出发,“中国古代散文”不能仅限于那些抒情写景的所谓“文学散文”,“而是要将政论、史论、传记、墓志以及各体论说杂文统统包罗在内,不仅如此,而且连那骈文辞赋也都包括在内”(郭预衡《中国散文史·序言》)。这种广义的“散文”观念,超越了20世纪以来学术界对“散文”的内涵与外延的纷繁歧异的辨析,更为符合中国古代文学的实际面貌。

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    As is often the case, when your teacher asks a question, there is only one correct answer. But there is one question that has millions of current answers. That question is "What's your name?" Everyone gives a different answer, but everyone is correct.

    Have you ever thought about people's names? Where do they come from? What do they mean?

    People's first names, or given names, are chosen by their parents. Sometimes the name of a grandparent or other member of the family is used. Some parents choose the name of a well-known person. A boy could be named George Washington Smith; a girl could be named Helen Keller Jones.

    Some people give their children names that mean good things. Clara means "bright"; Beatrice means "one who gives happiness"; Donald means "world ruler"; Leonard means “as brave as a lion”.

    The earliest last names, or surnames, were taken from place names. A family with the name Brook or Brooks probably lived near brook(小溪); someone who was called Longstreet probably lived on a long, paved road. The Greenwood family lived in or near a leafy forest.

    Other early surnames came from people's occupations. The most common occupational name is Smith, which means a person who makes things with iron or other metals. In the past, smiths were very important workers in every town and village. Some other occupational names are: Carter — a person who owned or drove a cart; Potter — a person who made pots and pans.

    The ancestors of the Baker family probably baked bread for their neighbors in their native village. The Carpenter's great-great-great-grandfather probably built houses and furniture.

    Sometimes people were known for the color of their hair or skin, or their size, or their special abilities. When there were two men who were named John in the same village, the John with the gray hair probably became John Gray. Or the John was very tall could call himself John Tallman. John Fish was probably an excellent swimmer and John Lightfoot was probably a fast runner or a good dancer.

    Some family names were made by adding something to the father's name. English-speaking people added –s or –son. The Johnsons are descendants of John; the Roberts family's ancestor was Robert. Irish and Scottish people added Mac or Mc or O. Perhaps all of the MacDonnell's and the McDonnell's and the O'Donnell's are descendants of the same Donnell.