题干

制度构建反映时代特色。阅读材料,回答问题。

材料一:秦朝把全国分为三十六郡,以后又增至四十余郡。郡下设若干县,县下有乡,乡下有亭、里。皇帝的政令,通过三公九卿,直达郡、县、乡、亭、里,这是一种前所未有的中央集权化体制。

——摘编自樊树志《国史概要》

材料二:孙中山认为“吾国昔为君主专制国家,因人而治,所谓一正君而天下定。数千年来,只求正君之道,不思长治之方。而君之正,不可数见。故治常少,而乱常多,其弊极于清季。”为防止人治,《临时约法》规定“中华民国之主权,属于国民全体”,“中华民国以参议院、临时大总统、国务员、法院,行使其统治权”。

材料三:辛亥革命后,出现了南北对峙的局面。在得到袁世凯拥护共和的承诺后,孙中山辞去临时大总统之职,让位于袁世凯。1912年3月10日,袁世凯在北京就任临时大总统,第二天,孙中山颁布了参议院制定的《中华民国临时约法》。约法规定,中华民国主权属于全体国民,按照三权分立的原则构建政治体制,国务员“辅助临时大总统,负其责任”。临时约法是伟大的辛亥革命的产物,然而它却命途多舛,1914年被袁世凯废除,袁世凯死后,约法被恢复,但很快又被《中华民国宪法》取代,1925年,段祺瑞以“传统已坏,无可因袭”的理由宣告临时约法无效。

——据林炯如等《中华民国政治制度史》

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