Norman Garmezy, a development psychologist at the University of Minnesota, met thousands of children in his four decades of research. A nine-year-old boy in particular stuck with him. He has an alcoholic mother and an absent father. But each day he would walk in to school with a smile on his face. He wanted to make sure that "no one would feel pity for him and no one would know his mother's incompetence.” The boy exhibited a quality Garmezy identified as “resilience”.

    Resilience presents a challenge for psychologists. People who are lucky enough to never experience any sort of adversity (逆境) won't know how resilient they are. It's only when they're faced with obstacles, stress, and other environmental threats that resilience, or the lack of it, comes out. Some give in and some conquer.

    Garmezy's work opened the door to the study of the elements that could enable an individual's success despite the challenges they faced. His research indicated that some elements had to do with luck, but quite large set of elements was psychological, and had to do with how the children responded to the environment. The resilient children had what psychologists call an “internal lens of control(内控点)”. They believed that they, and not their circumstances, affected their achievements. The resilient children saw themselves as the arrangers of their own fates.

    Ceorge Bonanno has been studying resilience for years at Columbia University's Teachers College. He found that some people are far better than others at dealing with adversity. This difference might come from perception(认知) whether they think of an event as traumatic(创伤), or as an opportunity to learn and grow. “Stressful” or “traumatic” events themselves don't have much predictive power when it comes to life outcomes. "Exposure to potentially traumatic events does not predict later functioning,” Bonanno said. "It's only predictive if there's a negative response.” In other words, living through adversity doesn't guarantee that you'll suffer going forward.

    The good news is that positive perception can be taught. "We can make ourselves more or less easily hurt by how we think about things," Bonanno said. In research at Columbia, the neuroscientist Kevin Ochsner has shown that teaching people to think of adversity in different ways--to reframe it in positive terms when the initial response is negative, or in a less emotional way when the initial response is emotionally “hot”---changes how they experience and react to the adversity.

国际货币体系演变历史，就是国际货币形态和汇率制度的变化过程。阅读下列材料：

材料一：美国当年走出大萧条靠的是罗斯福新政，而罗斯福新政的另一面就是中国的白银危机和严重的经济危机。……新政直接导致了世界白银市场的价格大涨，白银每盎司价格从1932年的0．27美元上涨到1933年4月的0．45美元，到1935年更升至0．67美元。

——摘编自郎咸平《新帝国主义在中国》

材料二：面对两次世界大战期间国际金融体系的混乱，各国汇率的任意波动，各个国家更加怀念传统的国际金本位制。……1943年9月至11月，英美两国代表在华盛顿就战后货币体系问题进行会谈。由于英美两个国家经济、政治实力相差悬殊，双方会谈的结果是采用“怀特计划”，吸收“凯恩斯计划”中的一些成分。

——李增刚《国际货币体系演变及现实困境的政治经济学分析》

材料三：布雷顿森林体系崩溃，牙买加体系建立，各国货币不再规定含金量，黄金也不再用于官方结算，黄金的货币使命终结。……而当前美元仍然占各国外汇储备的65%左右，国际外汇交易的40%以上，国际贸易结算的50%以上，……现行国际货币体系是一种浮动汇率体系。……弹性化、多样化的汇率制度符合国际经济一体化、资本流动量剧增，各国发展特色化的客观要求，外围国家尤其是发展中国家在经济开发、资本项目自由兑换化的过程中，汇率制度的弹性化为其保持货币政策的相对独立性提供基础前提。

——朱丰根、朱延福《现行国际货币体系基本特征与问题分析》

请回答：

康德说：“我们的时代是一个批判的时代，一切事物都必须接受审判”。这里“批判”的本意是强调(　　)