题干

中国古代已形成一套完备的文官制度,在用人方面.各个朝代的选官制度趋于完善,不仅对自身统治乃至世界都产生了十分深远的影响。

材料一:在古代封建世袭,天子之子为天子,公之子为公,卿之子为卿,大夫之子为大夫,做官人有一定的血统……。但到秦汉时期便不同了。

——钱穆《中国历代政治得失》

材料二:……四科取士。一曰德行高妙,志节清白;二曰学通行修,经中博士;三曰明达法令……四曰刚毅多略……皆有孝悌廉公之行。自今以后,审四科辟召,及刺史、二千石察茂才尤异孝廉之吏,务尽实核,选择英俊、贤行、廉洁、平端于县邑,务授试以职。有非其人,临计过署,不使习官事,书疏不端正,不如诏书,有司奏罪名。并正举者。宰府孝廉,士之高选,不可求以虚名,但当察其真伪,以加黜陟。近者每以辟召不慎,切责三公,孝廉杂揉,试之以文……

——《后汉书·百官志注》

材料三:汉廷每诏举“贤良方正、能直言极谏”之士,简称则曰“贤良”……“孝廉”为孝子廉吏之简称,武帝元光元年,初令郡国举孝廉各一人,是为汉室令举孝廉之始……此项制度之演进,一面使布衣下史有政治上的出路,可以奖拔人才,鼓舞风气;一面使全国各郡县常得平均参加中央政局,对大一统政府之维系尤为有效。而更重要的,则在朝廷用人,渐渐走上一个客观的标准,使政府性质确然超出乎王室私关系之上而独立。

——钱穆《国史大纲》

材料四:本是想替当时用人定一客观标准……但后来却变成拥护门第,把觅取人才的标准,无形中限制在门第的小范围内,这便大错了。唐代针对此弊……把进仕之门扩大打开,经由个人各自到地方政府报名,参加中央统一组织的考试。这种制度,大体说来,较以前是进步的……西方在其选举政治领袖之外,还得参酌采用中国的考试制度来建立他们的所谓文官任用法。

——钱穆《中国历代政治得失》

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Living places

The home of the elephant is in the deep forest. It is the largest of all land animals, and is found both in Asia and Africa. One of the main places in Asia where the elephant lives is the island of Ceylon. The huge forests on the island become the home of thousands of elephants. The trees grow thick and tall. They make many parts almost dark, while bright sunlight is above and around them.

Living habits

The elephant likes the deep part and the coolest places of the forest. There he will stand swinging his ears, to drive away the flies; or he will pull down a branch (树枝) from a tree to fan himself. He likes bathing, and to be near a lake or running water. There he takes in the water with his trunk, and spreads it all over his body.

Food

The elephant enjoys the fruits in the forest, and also the leaves of the trees. There is plenty of food for him in the forests, though he is not always happy with what he finds there.

Way of movement

When a group of elephants moves about in the forest, the oldest goes first. The young elephants and their mothers are in the middle, where they are safest. Then all move along with a great noise, the branches of the trees bending and breaking before them. Though the elephant is usually harmless, no one dares to attack (袭击) a group of them moving through the forest.

How people treat them

In Asia the elephant is trained to work. At one time the African elephant also was trained. Soldiers in ancient times often went to fight on the backs of African elephants. But now the elephant that lives in Africa is illegally (非法地) hunted mainly for its valuable ivory. In order to protect them, governments around the world have developed laws to stop this.