①查理一世被处死  ②克伦威尔实行独裁统治  ③不流血的宫廷政变  ④确立君主立宪制

【历史上重大改革回眸】

材料：“国语”即满语，因在清代又叫“清语”；骑射既能在骑马奔驰中射中箭靶的中心，是满族的民族特技。“国语骑射”是满族在统一全国时的有力工具。入关前，皇太极指出：“若废骑射，宽衣大袖，待他人割肉而后食，与尚左手之人何以异耶。朕发此言，实为子孙万世之计也，在朕身岂有变更之理。”入关后，随着政权不断扩大和汉人增多，专用满文出现了众多不便，统治阶层也认识到要实现对以汉族为主体的国家的统治，就要转变思想，推崇汉族传统思想统治体系即儒家思想。并且，随着生产方式从狩猎到农耕的转变，以及大批满足人被授予官职，他们享有厚禄，逐渐养成了奢靡的生活方式。统治者为巩固政权积极地吸收儒家思想，把崇尚武力忍想逐渐过渡到“文治”。

——摘偏自王锺翰《“国语骑射”与满族的发展》

根据短文阅读理解，选择正确答案。

      A good way to pass an examination(考试) is to work hard every day in the year. You may fail in the examination if you are lazy for most of the year and then work hard only a few days before the examination. If you are taking an English examination, don’t learn only rules of grammar.

      Try to read stories in English and speak in English whenever you can. A few days before examination you should start going to bed early. Do not stay up late at night studying and learning things. Before you start the examination, read carefully over the examination paper. Try to understand the exact meaning of each question before you pick up your pen to write. When you have at last finished your examination, read your answers, correct any mistake that you see and make sure that you have not missed anything out.