题干

阅读下面的文字,完成小题。

    我国书法理论诞生较早,始见于汉代。崔瑗所谓“观其法象,俯仰有仪”,蔡邕所谓“书肇于自然”的书法评论,可算是书法理论的萌芽。此后,“自然”二字出现频率极高,且在不同时段、不同理论家的认知中有着不同的内涵。

    汉代的书论中,“观物取象”意识普遍存在。在此观念下,当时的书论家不但关注汉字点画形状的书写方法,而且注重以自然物象来对应说明点画的形状与面貌。到了魏晋,书论对点画的描述更加微观细致。卫夫人《笔阵图》中提到“横如千里阵云”“点如高峰坠石”,以自然之形比附书法之形;王羲之《笔势论十二章》中的“屈脚之法,弯如角弓之张”,则揭示了书法点画形状与自然物象之间的相似性。这种从形状上把自然物象与书法点画紧密相连的理论,属于第一自然——“眼中自然”。在后世有关“永字八法”的讨论中,这种理论被进一步细化,但对自然内涵的拓展上并没有多大进展。用这一自然概念理解书法,具体可感,真实可信,但这种一一对应的关系毕竟有限。因为,它只能停留在书法具体点画外形的层面,一旦超出点画外形,进入到点画姿态以及整个字的造型与姿态问题时,这种以物对应的办法就陷入了尴尬。于是,书法理论的构建中就出现了“第二自然”,即“胸中自然”。

    “胸中自然”基于生命意识与书法审美。魏晋南北朝书论中用自然物象来喻说书家的个人风格,并以此来表达不同书家作品中流露出来的生命意象,如梁武帝说“王羲之书字势雄逸,如龙跳天门,虎卧凤阙”,“韦诞书如龙威虎振,剑拔弩张”。到了唐代,孙过庭《书谱》中讲到书法“同自然之妙有,非力运之能成”,这就是说,书法与自然的关系不是简单的视觉感官上的相似性,而是自然与人心妙合的产物,需要感受与体悟。

    怎样将胸中的“第二自然”自然而然地表达出来呢?这就进入了基于法道观念与心性表现的“第三自然”——“手中自然”。宋代以后,在尚意思潮的影响下,书法的主要追求已经不是妙悟自然,更不是眼观自然,而是心性的自然流露,以及表达方式上的“自然而然”。苏轼的书写状态“我书意造本无法,点画信手烦推求”,便是他本人真性情、真情感的流露。此类作品,字如其人,人如其字,一切都自然而然。自然而然即为自由自在,是人生的最高境界,也必然是书法的最高境界。

    历代书家正是在观察、体悟、回归自然的过程中,提炼了书法的点画样式,丰富了书法的生命意象,升华了书法的审美境界,终将书法内化为书家的人格修养和心性表达。

(摘编自史忠平《中国古代书论中的“自然”变迁》)

上一题 下一题 0.0难度 选择题 更新时间:2019-05-16 11:37:12

答案(点此获取答案解析)

同类题1

阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,从所给的四个选项(A 、B、C和D)中选出最佳选项。

    At age 14, 15 and 16, the way we looked was the most important thing in the world to us. My friends and I wanted nothing less than perfection.

    In high school, we joined the gymnastics team, and our 1 became even more important to us. We had no fat, only muscle. On the weekends, we would go to the beach, 2 of our flat stomachs.

    One summer day, all my friends were at my house 3. At one point, I was running back to the pool. I 4 on a bee, and while it was dying under my foot, it stung(蛰) me. I instantly started to feel 5. That night, I began to run a high fever and my leg and foot were red, hot and swollen. I couldn't walk. I could barely 6.

    When my foot started to go numb, everyone became more 7. My foot was not getting enough blood. I had to go to the 8, and my leg hurt as if it were badly broken. I couldn't move. All I could do was think about how soft my middle was becoming. That  9 me more than any concern over my leg.

    That would all 10 when I heard the doctors mention possibly cutting off my foot. It was still not getting the 11 supply it needed. The doctors would have to speed up their treatment.

    Never before did I have such great  12 for my foot. And walking seemed like a 13 from the gods. Less and less would I want to hear my friends talk about 14 and who was wearing what. More and more I expected visits from other kids in the hospital, who were quickly becoming my friends.

    One girl came to visit me 15. Every time she came, she brought flowers. She was recovering from cancer and felt she should come back and  16 the other patients.

    She still had no hair, and she was swollen from medications she had been taking. I would not have given this girl a second 17 before. I now loved every inch of her and looked forward to her 18.

    Finally, I was improving and soon I went home. My leg was still swollen, 19 I was walking, and I had my foot! When I would go back to the hospital, I often saw my friend. She was still visiting people and 20 good cheer. I thought if even there was an angel on this earth, it had to be her.