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材料一

1727年，清朝开始设立驻藏大臣，作为中央政府的代表长驻西藏，同达赖、班禅共同管理西藏．乾隆皇帝制定“金瓶掣签”制度，规定活佛转世的人选，必须用中央颁发的金奔巴瓶抽签决定．﹣﹣北师大版《中国历史》七年级下册教材

材料二   1951年5月23日，中央人民政府和西藏地方人民政府签订了《关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》，西藏获得和平解放．1959年春，中央人民政府果断平叛，并领导西藏人民进行民主改革，被解放了的百万农奴迸发出无比的生产热情．1965年9月，西藏自治区及其人民政府正式宣告成立．此后，西藏的经济发展和社会进步日新月异．2015年底，西藏自治区全区生产总值达到1026.39亿元，增长11%，增速位居全国前列。──中国网

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    For years and years people have been saying that railways are dead. “We can do without railways,” people say—as if cars and planes have made railways unnecessary. We all keep hearing that trains are slow, lose money and are dying. But this is far from the truth. In these days of expensive oil, railways have become highly competitive with cars and planes. If you want to carry people or goods from place to place, they are cheaper than planes. And they have much in common with planes. A plane goes in a straight line and so does a railway. What is more, a railway takes you from the heart of a city center. It doesn't stop you as a car does on crowded roads. And no plane or car can ever carry as many goods as one train does.

    Far from being dead, railways are much alive. Modern railway lines give you a comfortable journey. Where else can you eat well, sleep comfortably, feel safe and enjoy the scene while you are traveling at the same time? And we are only the beginning, for we have just entered the age of super-fast trains, which are traveling 150 miles an hour and more. Soon we will be wondering why we spent so much on highways and planes we can't fly in because we don't have enough money to buy the oil.

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   济南之所以有“泉城”之名，是由于城南有距今4.5亿年前的奥陶系石灰岩组成的千佛山地，这些石灰岩具有较多的熔洞或裂隙，在济南附近没（mò）入地下，并受到不透水的侵入岩岩体的①        （阻挡/阻止），而上覆的第四纪山前堆积物透水性不好，从而形成承压水构造。城南山区接受大气降水补给（jǐ），在城区则以上升泉形式涌出地表向外排出。金代有人立“名泉碑”，列举泉名七十有二，泉水众多，不可胜（shèng）数。历代诸家所论72泉亦不尽相同，②        （大致/大约）为趵突泉、黑虎泉、珍珠泉、五龙潭四大泉群。趵突泉又名瀑流，宋代开始称趵突泉。

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