题干

在“测定小灯泡电功率”的实验中,选用器材如下:2节干电池、额定电压为2.5V的小灯泡(额定功率小于1W)、电流表、电压表、滑动变阻器(20Ω 1A),开关和导线,图甲所示是小明没有连接完整的电路.

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    Former Presidents (前任总统) in the United States continue to receive special government services and money after their presidential term (总统 任期) ends. Each former president receives retirement pay, money to pay travelling expenses and money to pay the people who continue to work for them. They also get security 1 for the rest of their lives.

    Some former presidents seem to have 2from public life. But others continue to make contributions (做贡献) to the society.

    Former President Jimmy Carter is well known for his earnest devotion (热诚的奉献) since he left office. He helps build homes for poor Americans and helps settle international disagreement. And he has written several books. Many people have called Carter an example of a successful former president. Some experts note that public approval (公众的赞许) of Carter increased several years after his defeat in the presidential election (总统大选) of 1980.

    3 the opposite happened to former president Ronald Reagan. His popularity fell after he left office. Many people criticized him for4 an offer from a wealthy Japanese publisher to visit Japan. There he was paid about two million dollars just to make a few appearances. In 1994, Reagan began to suffering from Alzheimer's disease (老年痴呆症) and died ten years later.

    Former President George Bush has made few 5 appearances since leaving office. Recently, however, he and former President Bill Clinton have traveled together to places in need of aid following natural disasters.

    Bill Clinton is one of the most active former presidents. He makes speeches around the world. He wrote a best-selling book about his life. And he has set up a foundation that offers various 6 to people in need, including providing low cost medicines for people with AIDS around the world.

同类题5

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安全的空中旅行

    ①现在,长途旅行乘坐飞机是最节省时间的方式,但总有些人会认为飞机不安全。即使不得不乘坐飞机出行,整个飞行过程也是惶恐不安的。为什么人们会觉得乘坐飞机不安全呢?他们在担心什么?

    ②很多人认为在陆地上行驶的交通工具,不管汽车还是火车,如果遇到机械故障,一般可以停下来检修,等待故障解除或救援,而飞机就不同了。其实这种担心有些杞人忧天,现代化的民航客机一般都有2—4台涡轮风扇发动机,即使在飞行中一台发动机停工,也可以使用另外的发动机,安全地降落在附近的机场。相反,如果你认为地面上的交通工具可以在行驶中随便停车检修,那真是大错特错了。近年来无论是在公路上还是在高铁上,都出现过因停车而造成的重大事故。

    ③颠簸在飞行中比较常见。遇到气流颠簸,飞机就变成了一个载着几百人的过山车,忽上忽下,乘客轻则心惊肉跳,重则人仰马翻……我们不得不承认,飞机颠簸起来可不像汽车在路面上颠簸那样。大型客机飞行在大气对流层的上部,接近平流层的底部(8000—11000米),对流层就是风雨雷电的所在之处。还好,现代客机一般都装备气象雷达,通过雷达回波图可以准确判断前方的雨云,再加上地面航空气象部门的预报,基本上可以避开恶劣天气。

    ④不过,阳光明媚时,你也别洋洋得意,高空中才真是“无风三尺浪”。即使在没有云的高空,飞机也经常遇到“晴空颠簸”。这是大气活动造成的,通常出现在6000米以上的高空,是与对流云团无关的乱流,气象雷达也监测不到。遇到这种颠簸也不可怕,飞行员有足够的反应时间和处理预案,乘客只要乖乖地听从空乘人员的要求,在座椅上系好安全带,感受一下肾上腺素上升的刺激就好了。

    ⑤有些第一次坐飞机的乘客会问:为什么不给我降落伞?万一……我还可以跳伞!跳伞这事可不是一般人能完成的,跳伞这项运动可不像街头篮球一样,随随便便找个地方就可以开展。从几千米高、-40℃左右的空中跳伞,呼吸着 稀薄的空气、面对未知的着陆点,你还有勇气和自信吗?而且几百人从4—6个舱门跳出飞机,你以为你是空降兵吗?

    ⑥实际上,在绝大多数航空事故中,飞机仍然是可控的。在可控的情况下迫降,成功率非常高。与其盲目惊慌地跳出飞机,还不如把身家性命交给经验丰富的飞行员,让他从容地化险为夷。

    ⑦无数事例证明:________________。据统计,民用飞机造成多人伤亡的事故率约为三百万分之一。也就是说,要积累三百万个航班,意味着你每天坐一次飞机,也要8200年才有可能遇到一次飞行事故。

(选自《科学Fans》2012年第12期,有删节)