阅读下列材料，回答问题。

材料一：法律是国家之重器，对司法活动的监督和制约，是国家政治制度必须解决的基本课题之一。秦朝御史大夫府设有侍御史若干，分别掌管奏章、律令、文书、档案等，掌刑辟的廷尉每年须到御史府核对法令文本。汉代刺史巡察郡国的一项重要职责是“省察治状”“断理冤狱”，还须监督郡太守是否有“不恤疑狱，风厉杀人，怒则任刑”等行为。

    唐朝御吏有奉诏复按囚徒或复勘旧狱的职责，一些大狱、重案由御史台与刑部、大理寺一起鞠审。宋朝御史台设“检法官”一职，负责检详法律，另设“推直官”专治狱事，在地方上设提点刑狱司，所辖州府十日上报一次“囚账”，“有疑狱未决，即驰传往视之……州县不得迎送、聚会”。

    明朝改御史台为都察院，赋予组织刑部、大理寺参与会审的职权，监察御史奉救巡按地方，第一职权即为“雪冤狱”，“先审录罪囚，吊刷案卷，有故出入者理辩之”。清朝规定：“官民果有冤枉，许赴院（都察院）辩明，除大事奏请闻外，小事立予裁断或行令该督抚复审昭雪。”

——摘编自戴军《中国古代监察对司法活动的监督和参与》

材料二：杨乃武案能得到纠正的一个重要原因，是朝廷要通过复查该案敲打地方督抚，重振渐衰的皇权，改变内轻外重的权力格局。杨乃武是个有功名的举人，作为士绅，他的平反得到了同学的大力帮助，得到了胡雪岩的巨额资助，而18名浙江籍京官的联名呈诉也起了非常关键的作用。民营报纸《申报》对该案长达三年多全程跟踪式报道，从最初猎奇，进而敢于揭露司法黑幕，仗义执言，为民请命，形成巨大社会舆论。而杨乃武的姐姐和妻子这两位不屈的女性，面对强大的国家机器，利用制度允许的伸冤之路坚持不懈，最终使该案峰回路转，慈禧太后亲自督促下，刑部重新开棺验尸，推翻地方裁决，制造冤案的众多官员受到惩办。

——摘编自陆永棣《落日残照——晚清杨乃武案昭雪的历史、社会与制度因素》

（提示：答案最多不得超5条）

如图所示是直流电铃的原理图．下列关于电铃工作时的说法，正确的是（　　）

刘秀治国措施：____、____奴婢____苛捐杂税，恢复____税一，提倡____，____机构，____冗员， ____吏治，____贪官污吏。

在空格中填上适当的单词，使对话完整正确。一空一词（含缩写词）。

J—Jack D—David

J:Christmas used to be my favorite time of year, but right now I feel terrible.

D:No wonder, Jack. It's our ____ Christmas away from home to study here. A ____ of situation would easily affect people's feelings.

J:What do you  ____ most as Christmas is coming, David?

D:Of course, my family. I spent every Christmas with my family before this year.

J:Me, too.  ____ In the world is better than being with my family at Christmas time. D: At least, your brother is here with you.

J:That's true. Sometimes he can be boring to me, but now, ____ I do feel great to have him ____on this special day here.

D:Maybe he'll be here soon. I hope he will like the gift we bought for him.

J:I'm sure he will. He's always wanted a ____ so that he can record every ____ that moves him deeply here in Beijing, and he can ____ what's recorded with my family.

D:Perfect. In this way, your parents can see people's happy life in Beijing and understand China better. One more thing, our Chinese classmates are going to hold a Christmas party for us, and they want to spend Christmas with us.

J:They are friendly. I'm very glad to get their ____.I will go to the party with you.