在文明初起的时代，亚欧大陆的东西两端星光熠熠，照亮了各处的夜空。一边天生仲尼，万古长夜将尽；一边柏拉图走出洞穴，迎接明媚的阳光。虽然两个大陆中间的广漠横无际涯，峻岭层峦叠嶂，但声声驼铃却串起了东西文明汇聚、世界民族交融的动人故事，一卷卷绮丽的丝绸渲染了沿途壮美的风景。这条沟通中西、美丽而又沧桑的文明纽带就是丝绸之路。

    作为古代中西方文化交流的一条实际通道，丝绸之路有着多条路线和悠久的历史。春秋战国之际，随着古代游牧民族的脚步，东西方之间贸易往来已经开始，其路线被称为“草原之路”。这就是丝路的前身。草原之路，从黄河中游，北上经蒙古草原，越阿尔泰山脉进入哈萨克草原；再经里海北岸、黑海北岸直达多瑙河流域。正是通过这条道路，当时为中国所独有的丝绸进入西方世界。到两汉时期，张骞受命西进通使西域，正式宣告了陆上丝路主干道的形成。及至唐代社会的繁荣，先进的文明，开放的文化，吸引了世界各国来华贸易，陆上丝路弦歌不绝，海上丝路也逐渐建立起来。

    丝绸之路是一条鲜活的道路，它不仅加强了不同国家、不同民族之间的交往，还加强了彼此间的思想文化交流。

    隋唐时期，中国与波斯一直保持着非常友好的关系，双方使者不断，相互之间的文化交流丰富多彩，不论是作为波斯物质文化代表的金银器，还是作为精神文化的景教、摩尼教，都从波斯传入了中国，丰富了中国的传统文化。同时，撒马尔罕壁画上手捧丝绢的唐朝使者，波斯、阿拉伯文献对中国物产、工艺传入的记录，以及大量瓷器、丝织品的考古发现，都说明了中国文化向西传播的广度和深度。事实上，古代中西之间的交流，不论是丝绸、玉器、香料、陶瓷、珍禽等物质层面的物品，还是佛教、景教、伊斯兰教、儒家思想、道教等思想层面的结晶，都是通过这条东西交往的道路双方交流的。

    在丝绸之路汇聚的多种宗教文化既相互碰撞，又和平共处，和谐共存。汉唐时期经丝绸之路传入中国的思想观念以佛教的影响力最为巨大。中华王朝不论迎佛也好，辟佛也罢，都展现了佛教对代表中国意识形态的儒家思想的新塑造。西域的于阗王国是丝路上一颗璀璨的明珠，不仅是商人驻足之处，也是西行东来的僧侣歇脚所在。这里修筑了大量的佛寺，宝殿主尊是佛像，佛像两边上方都是千佛，而下方则往往描绘地方神祇，其外部特征有似祆教神祇。由此可以看出，丝路上的诸神之间并没有战争，而是安然地保佑着各自的信徒。

    按照塞缪尔•亨廷顿的观点，不同文化由于自我认知身份的差异而存在着激烈的冲突。但历史经验表明，在冲突之外，文明之间还有着更为广泛的交流和竞争。公元751年，唐王朝与大食爆发战争，史称“怛罗斯之役”。这件小小的战事插曲迅速被和平交流取代，唐朝大量被俘工匠随大食军队西归，直接导致了以中国造纸术为代表的科技西传。随后，中亚撒马尔罕形成了一个造纸中心，并在以后的岁月中将造纸术从西亚传入欧洲，埃及人的纸草和羊皮纸开始退出舞台。可以说，怛罗斯之战在中西文化交流史上极具象征性。抛开军事上的胜败不论，中国文明与阿拉伯文明在怛罗斯之外的广阔空间里竞争并共生，对双方文化的发展都极具积极意义。文化多元、文明交往、和谐共存，这正是丝绸之路留给我们今天最可宝贵的财富。

（节选自《丝绸之路与中西文明交流》，有删改）

如图，点A，B的坐标分别为（1，4）和（4，4），抛物线y=a（x﹣m）²+n的顶点在线段AB上运动，与x轴交于C、D两点（C在D的左侧），点C的横坐标最小值为﹣3，则点D的横坐标最大值为____ ．

    Jonathan Cranwell sat on a hard bench behind the long narrow desk and watched the flies fly lazily in the sun. The drone of the younger boys reading letters and the older boys reciting Latin verbs made him sleepy. Jonathan had to force his eyes to stay open. He wanted to learn something new!

    He looked up at the schoolmaster's high desk in the front of the room. The new teacher was from Harvard College. Jonathan's father had been impressed with him. The boys had already had several other teachers, but none of them seemed to inspire Jonathan. So far, there was nothing to show that this one was special , though he'd only been there two days.

    “It's too hot to sit and memorize lessons,” the schoolmaster said. “We'll move outdoors for the next part of our lesson.” He led the group of boys into the schoolyard. “You younger boys, dig for grubs and beetles ( 幼虫和甲虫). Count their feet. See if you can describe their shells”

    Jonathan watched the teacher surrounded by laughing young students. No one had ever used the schoolyard itself for a classroom. “What next ?” he thought. He didn't have time to think about the younger boys, for he was running after butterflies and dragonflies himself.

    Jonathan and his friends liked this new way of learning.

    “It will be a clear night tonight. Go outside and look at the sky,” said the schoolmaster. “Look at the stars and notice their brightness and the patterns they make. These patterns have names from Greek mythology(神话), names like Orion, Aries, and others. Tomorrow we will learn about the ancient stories on them.”

    “How is the new schoolmaster ?” asked Jonathan's father that evening, when Jonathan announced he was going out to look at the sky.

    “He's different from any other schoolmaster we've had,” Jonathan admitted. “He seems interested in everything around him, and he wants us to be curious too. He even used the schoolyard as a classroom!”

    “So Mr. John Adams and his new ways make school useful to you after all,” joked Jonathan's father.

    “I believe he has,” said Jonathan. “I know I won't forget the lessons he has taught us!”

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       2015年7月10日，***主持召开座谈会，就当前经济形势和经济工作，听取专家和企业负责人的意见建议。会上，多名经济学专家和苏宁云商、奇虎360、潍柴动力、大疆创新、科大讯飞的负责人围绕经济运行、宏观政策、企业经营和创新等谈了看法。***最后说，有关部门要认真研究专家和企业提出的意见和建议，也希望大家多出良策，共同努力推动我国经济持续健康增长、迈向中高端水平。