My best friend and I are in the same school. Her name is Alice. We first met each other two years ago. We were all new in the school then. She is beautiful. She has long black hair, round black eyes and a small nose. She doesn't like to dress up, so I usually see her wearing jeans and a T-shirt or sweater.

    Alice and I are always talking or laughing about something. She has a wonderful sense of humor (幽默感). When I am not happy, I like talking to her. And she always tries her best to make me happy.

    We have the same interests. We both enjoy playing the guitar and singing. We like going to the movies. Sometimes in summer, I go with her and her family to their summer house by the lake. We usually spend most of the afternoon swimming. In the evenings we walk into town or stay at home and watch TV. It's always fun to be with her.

    Though our lives get busy, we still have time to see each other. I am better in math and science and she is better in English, so we often help each other with our homework.

    I am lucky to have a friend like her.

研究者将大白鼠置于冰水中，以探究冰水对大白鼠生理功能的影响．

（1）大白鼠刚放入冰水中时出现战栗的现象，该反射的发生____ （填“需要”或“不需要”）大脑皮层的参与，属于____ （填“条件”或“非条件”）反射．

（2）冰水刺激大白鼠皮肤____ 产生兴奋，沿反射弧____ （填“单向”或“双向”）传导到骨骼肌引起战栗．

（3）冰水刺激还能引起____ （填激素名称）分泌增加，使代谢加快，以增加产热，产生热量的来源是____ （生理活动）．

（4）由此可见，大白鼠体温调节的方式是____ ．

（5）如图是在实验过程中，测得的兴奋传导时神经纤维上某点的膜电位变化示意图，该图中表示静息电位的是____ 点，B点过程的形成原因是____ ，C点表示____ 

文艺复兴、启蒙运动是西欧向近代社会迈进时期发生的两次重大思想解放运动。这两次运动有着显著的不同，主要体现在（　　）