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     "You see someone just sitting there, looking like they're stupid," explains teenager Manny Logan excitedly. "You just run up to them, slap(掌击) them and run off. It's funny."

    The 16-year-old Logan was describing "happy slapping". It's supposed to be fun but it's a new problem in Britain. Young people will attack passers-by while their friends record the whole thing on camera phones. It was first reported in south London six months ago. But, the practice has spread to other parts of the country and videos of attacks have become popular on the Internet.

    The young people are called "hoodies" because they usually wear a sweatshirt with a hooded top. The top can be used to cover the head or face.

    One study in England published earlier this year suggested that as many as one in four teenagers is an active offender. That includes both serious crimes and small acts like not paying for a bus ticket.

    The fear of youth crime has left some parts of towns empty of ordinary people.

    So, the British government declared war on public disorder last week. The Prime Minister has supported a decision by the country's biggest shopping centre in southeast of England to ban teenagers wearing hooded tops. The clothing helps troublemakers hide from the centre's cameras.

    This week, the government is going further. It plans to force teenage offenders to wear orange jackets while they do public service. The idea is to shame them in front of others.

    But some teenagers and experts have complained that, in their rush to stop the hoodies, politicians risk tarring all teenagers with the same brush.

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认识二噁英

1976年7月意大利塞维索一家化工厂爆炸,剧毒化学品二恶英扩散,使3.7万人中毒受害。事隔多年后,当地居民的畸形儿出生率大为增加。1999年震惊世界的二恶英公害事件发生在比利时,鸡肉、牛奶二恶英被污染,损失超过10亿欧元,导致了比利时政府内阁的集体下台。

二恶英中以2,3,7,8-四氯-二苯并对二恶英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)的毒性最强,它的化学式是C12H4Cl4O2 ,①熔点较高,为302~305℃;②极难溶于水,可以溶于大部分有机溶剂;③二恶英非常稳定,与酸碱不起反应,不易燃烧;④在500℃开始分解,800℃时,21秒内完全分解,它在一般环境下,氧化和水分解的速率非常低,在土壤内残留时间为10年;⑤是无色无味的固体物质;⑥有毒,其毒性是氰化物的130倍、砒霜的900倍,有“世纪之毒”之称。国际癌症研究中心已将其列为人类一级致癌物。

二恶英的发生源主要有两个,一是在制造含氯杀虫剂、除草剂、木材防腐剂、落叶剂(美军曾用于越战)等产品的过程中派生;二最主要的来源(占90%)是城市和工业垃圾焚烧,在对聚氯乙烯等含氯塑料的焚烧过程中,焚烧温度低于800℃会不完全燃烧,极易生成二恶英。二恶英随烟雾扩散到大气中,通过呼吸进入人体的是极小部分,更多的则是通过食品被人体吸收。以鱼类为例,二恶英粒子随雨落到江河湖海,被水中的浮游生物吞食,浮游生物被小鱼吃掉,小鱼又被大鱼吃掉,二恶英在食物链全程中慢慢积淀浓缩,等聚在大鱼体内的浓度已是水中的3000多倍了,而处于食物链顶峰上的人类体内将会聚集更多的二恶英。可怕的是一旦摄入二恶英就很难排出体外,积累到一定程度,它就引起一系列严重疾病。

2001年国家环保总局组织的抽样调查显示,所抽取的垃圾焚烧厂烟气二恶英超标率为57.1%,有的落后垃圾焚烧设施二恶英超标99倍以上。因此,环保部门号召对垃圾进行分类收集和处理,控制无组织的垃圾焚烧,通过采用新的焚烧技术,提高燃烧温度(1200℃以上),降低二恶英类的排放量。

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