题干

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【甲】

    ①宫中府中,俱为一体;陟罚臧否,不宜异同;若有作奸犯科及为忠善者,宜付有司论其刑赏,以昭陛下平明之理;不宜偏私,使内外异法也。

    ②侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等,此皆良实,志虑忠纯,是以先帝简拔以遗陛下。愚以为宫中之事,事无大小,悉以咨之,然后施行,必能裨补阙漏,有所广益。

    ③将军向宠,性行淑均,晓畅军事,试用于昔日,先帝称之曰能,是以众议举宠为督。愚以为营中之事,悉以咨之,必能使行阵和睦,优劣得所。亲贤臣,远小人,此先汉所以兴隆也;亲小人,远贤臣,此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时,每与臣论此事,未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军,此悉贞良死节之臣,愿陛下亲之信之,则汉室之隆,可计日而待也。

(节选自诸葛亮《出师表》)

【乙】

    诸葛亮之为相国也,抚百姓,示仪轨,约官职,从权制,开诚心,布公道;尽忠益时者虽仇必赏,犯法怠慢者虽亲必罚,服罪输情者虽重必释,游辞巧饰者虽轻必戮;善无微而不赏,恶无纤而不贬;庶事精炼,物理其本,循名责实,虚伪不齿;终于邦域之内,咸畏而爱之刑政虽峻而无怨者以其用心平而劝戒明也。可谓识治之良才,管、萧之亚匹矣。

【注释】①仪轨:礼仪制度。②约:省减,简约。③权制:合乎适宜的制度。④服罪输情:认罪并表示悔改。⑤物:指人,百姓。⑥亚匹:同一流人物。亚:同类。

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    Climbing Without Ropes

    The popular image of the mountain climber is of a person carefully climbing a steep cliff with a network of safety ropes, but it is not the only kind. Many climbers now enjoy bouldering. It's more accessible and better for the environment.

What is bouldering?

Bouldering is a sport that involves climbing on, over, and around boulders up to approximately twenty feet above the ground. Participants employ no safety ropes.

Why boulder?

• improve your climbing skills by focusing on basics

• places to climb, such as climbing walls at gyms and parks, easy to find

• less time commitment to bouldering than to mountain climbing

• intellectual and physical enjoyment as one solves problems


Bouldering Terms

crimp: a very small handhold

foothold: a place where one may place a foot to aid in climbing boulder

jug: a very large handhold that is easy to use

problem: The path up a boulder is referred to as the “problem” that one must solve. The “solution” is the sequence of moves one makes up and over a boulder.

    Here is an example of a climber addressing a bouldering problem.

    Figure 1: The climber has two routes she could take, one to the left and one to the right. The left one appears easier because it has a jug within easy reach, but look what happens if she chooses that direction. She gets stuck on the rock and has to go back down. Sometimes that is even more difficult than going up.

    Figure 2: The climber takes the one to the right this time. Using a foothold and placing her right hand in a crimp, she is able to lift herself up and locate other handholds. After only a few moves, she is able to throw her leg over the top of the boulder and pull herself up.