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    乐府诗在入唐以前已存在两个传统,一是上承“诗教”风刺一面的汉魏传统,二是以艳歌艳词为主的六朝传统。初唐乐府沿袭齐梁绮靡的路子,内容不出白氏所批评的“赞君美”或“悦君意”。“初唐四杰”的乐府虽体现闻一多先生所谓“由宫廷走到市井”“由台阁移到江山和塞漠”的倾向,但现实的针对性不强。盛唐以边塞为题材的乐府诗,更多地歌颂盛唐的武功气象。中唐以后,张籍、王建、元稹、白居易和刘禹锡集中创作乐府,试图在理念的层次上直接继承《诗经》的“风刺”传统,甚至否定汉乐府的价值,但选择以“乐府”而非其他诗体干预政治,还是反映出他们对于汉乐府观风知俗观念的继承。不仅如此,中唐乐府诗人吸收了六朝的部分传统,展现出对于地方风土风俗的书写兴趣。

    中唐大量出现表现地方风土或风俗的乐府,与中唐观风观念的转变关系密切。初唐、盛唐之观风俗以政治治理为中心;另一方面,更是要通过礼乐教化来“移风易俗”。但安史之乱后,中唐人不再视地方风俗为负面的无条件改造对象。高郢《礼部试策五道》指出“然为政之道,当因人所利而利之,故修其教不易其俗,齐其政不易其宜”。欧阳詹《鲁山令李胄三月三日宴僚吏序》说得更加清楚:“一方不同教化,恐他邑之欢乐此辰,不得似公之邑也。”

    同时,“采风”或“采诗”的理想被中唐诗人不断提出。但其“采诗”与汉人有异,所采并不是真正来自民间,而是从士大夫的创作中收集而得,与其说是“采诗”,不如说是“献诗”。白居易和刘禹锡是中唐乐府大家,白氏真正主张的是“采诗以补察时政”,新乐府如《上阳白发人》《卖炭翁》《道州民》都已涉及唐世风俗的叙写。刘禹锡《淮阴行》“以裨乐府”其实就是一种采诗的思硌,他在《采菱行》《插田歌》中明确表示要赋之“以俟采诗者”。这就进一步把与六朝乐府有亲缘关系的中唐乐府赋予汉乐府的政治意义,并在题材上进行了扩充。

    这种“采诗”的思路为中唐文人所共有:随着中唐文人纷纷到地方就职,送行者常期待被送者因为在地方施政得当而能让当地民众作歌谣以颂之,这预设的正是“采诗”的可能。此外,有些作品本身就是在表达某州县长官的“政教得失”,背后还是体现“采诗”的观念。这一类型的创作未见于初、盛唐,却为中唐文人所发掘,这都说明汉代“观风”或“采风”的传统在中唐复兴。

    各类文体中,乐府的起源本与“采诗”或“采风”的理想直接相关,当采风的传统被再次强调,“观风俗得失”不再依附于“察吏人善恶”或王朝礼乐的落实,而是更直接地与百姓生活的具体情况相关,这就让与“观风俗”最直接相关的乐府产生创作上的转变。中唐之所以出现大批书写风俗的乐府,背后正涉及唐人在观念上的转变。

(摘编自吕家慧《论中唐乐府中风俗题材的兴起》)

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    China has its first Nobel Prize in Science. And the winner, 84-year-old Chinese scientist Tu Youyou, also became the first Chinese woman to win the Nobel Prize. She won the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William C. Campbell, an Irish-born researcher, and Satoshi Omura of Japan. The three winners will share the prize of 8 million Swedish crowns ($920,000).

    Half of the Prize was given to William C. Campbell and Satoshi Omura for their new treatment against illness caused by roundworm parasites (寄生虫). Tu Youyou won the other half of the Prize for developing a medicine, Artemisinin(青蒿素), which can help people fight malaria(疟疾). More than 240 million people in Africa have benefited from the treatment, according to the WHO (World Health Organization), and more than 1.5 million lives have been saved since 2000, thanks to the medicine.

    Tu Youyou started her research in 1969 when she was chosen as the director of a government project to find anti-malaria medicines. She and her workmates studied ancient Chinese medicine books and many different traditional treatments. They did nearly 200 experiments before they finally succeeded in getting the material Qinghaosu, later known as Artemisinin, in the 1970s. This medicine became the standard treatment for malaria in the WHO's list of important medicines.

    Premier Li Keqiang congratulated Tu for winning the Prize. He said, "Tu's winning the prize shows China's progress in scientific and technological field, and marks a great contribution of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to human health."

    Although it's a late honor for Tu and the world's recognition of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tu's winning the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine makes Chinese scientists encouraged and confident to achieve more success in the future.