材料一：及安、史既平，武夫战将以功起行阵，为侯王者，皆除节度使，大者连州十数，小者尤兼三四，所属文武官，奚自置属，未尝请命于朝，力达势盛，遂成尾大不掉之势……自宋以臣知州事，历代因之，遂无复弱干强枝之患。宋太祖及赵普之计虑（稍夺其权、制其钱谷、收其精兵）深矣，而议者徒谓宋之弱由此，是但知御侮力薄，不足以自强，而不知消患于未萌。

——赵翼《廿二史札记》

材料二：在政府权力的制约方面，（美国）联邦宪法采用了在同一体制内对于政府权力进行两向分割，即对联邦和州政府的权力进行纵向分割，在联邦政府的层次上依三权分立的原则对中央政府的权力进行横向分割。通过联邦制和三权分立体制形成了对权力的制约与平衡，克服邦联体制下美国面临的社会危机，同时形成了新的国家体制。

——王希《原则与妥协》

材料三：第一章：总纲

第一条：中华人民共和国为新民主主义即人民民主主义的国家，实行工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的、团结各民主阶级和国内各民族的人民民主专政，反对帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义，为中国的独立、民主、和平、统一和富强而奋斗。

第四条：中华人民共和国人民依法有选举权和被选举权。

第五条：中华人民共和国人民有思想、言论、出版、集会、结社、通讯、人身、居住、迁徙、宗教信仰及示威游行的自由权。

第六条：中华人民共和国废除束缚妇女的封建制度。妇女在政治的、经济的、文化教育的、社会的生活各方面，均有与男子平等的权利。实行男女婚姻自由。

    Last winter ,my wife and I traveled to visit my parents in the countryside. We had taken lots of luggage(行李）but we manage to get on the train and got everything settled. Four young men 1 in front of us in a face-to-face seat.

    They were about twenty years old and they were strong and2, and I disliked them immediately. They were laughing loudly, obviously 3 themselves and they 4 a foreign language.

    As the train went quickly 5 the countryside, I kept an eye on them as they talking loudly.

    Sometimes they took a look in our direction. Later on two of them 6 at a small train station,the rest of them 7 to laugh and joke in their own language.

    When we finally arrived at our8, only one of them was left on the train. He was 9 to leave, too. And as I walked towards him with my heavy luggage, he reached out and asked in English, “Want a hand with that, mate?"

    He 10 the heavier bag up the station steps for us. We were pleasantly surprised and very grateful.

古诗云：“须臾十来往，犹恐巢中饥；辛勤三十日，母瘦雏渐肥．”这描述的是母鸟哪种行为（　　）

    Weekend gym rats might be onto something. Weekend warriors, who put recommended amounts of exercise into one or two gym sessions（时段）, experience similar health benefits to those who work out several times a week, according to a new study. And those benefits include a longer life. “It is encouraging news that working out in just one or two days per week is connected to a lower risk of demise, even among people who do some activities but don't quite meet recommended exercise levels,” the lead researcher Emmanuel Stamatakis says in a statement.

    The World Health Organization recommends that adults perform two and a half hours of moderate-intensity（中等强度的）physical exercise, or an hour and 25 minutes of more energetic exercise per week. Usually this is done within several days, with experts suggesting that adults get up to 30 minutes of regular exercise each day. However, the new study suggests that busy people may be able to meet the standards when they have more free time, such as at weekends, and stay healthy all the same.

    Researchers studied data from more than 63,000 men and women in England and Scotland, including data about their activity habits and risks for death. The researchers put each individual in one of four groups: those who described themselves as inactive, those who exercised but less than what was recommended, those who exercised in the “weekend warrior” style, and those who worked out regularly more than three days a week.

    Adults who exercised in the “weekend warrior” style had a 40 percent lower risk of cardiovascular（心血管的）disease and a 30 percent lower risk of death by any cause than those who did not exercise at all. The lower risks of cardiovascular disease and overall death were similar to the risks of people who worked out regularly over the week.

    But take a pause before you give up your weekday gym habit. Just a couple of light sessions won't be enough to get benefits: “Weekend warrior” exercise sessions are usually 75-minute energetic workouts, according to the study.

    The results are promising overall, if you just simply can't fit physical activities into most days. The key here is that exercise is truly a lifeline（救生索）: It reduces your risk of illnesses like heart disease, diabetes, cancer and depression, according to the WHO. So, if you are just too busy on weekdays, let go of the guilt（内疚）. Just make sure to hit the gym hard at weekends.