Most people know something about the greenhouse effect. Factories send gasses such as carbon dioxide, or CO₂, into the atmosphere, the air around the earth. In the past, this wasn't a problem because trees absorbed the CO₂. But now people in many countries are cutting down billions of trees all around the world. At the same time, factories are sending more CO₂ into the atmosphere. It's difficult to believe, but factories put billions of tons of CO₂ into the atmosphere every year. One ton is over 2000 pounds, so it is a lot of pollution. There is too much CO₂ and there aren't enough trees, so the world is getting warmer. In other words, we have a greenhouse effect. This is terrible for the environment.

    What can we do about this? Firsts we can stop using so much coal and oil. We can learn to use different kinds of energy: the sun, wind, steam from volcanoes，and heat from inside the earth. Second, instead of cutting down trees, we should plant more trees. One tree can absorb ten pounds of carbon dioxide every year.

    The trees are good for the earth's atmosphere and for Guatemala (拉丁美洲国家危地马拉).In small towns and villages in Guatemala, most women are poor and have hard lives. Trees help them in three ways. First, the Connecticut factories pay them to plant the trees. Their pay is com, not money. The com is good for their children. Second, these women know a lot about their environment. They know where to plant when to plant, and what kinds of trees to plant. For example，they plant many fruit trees. The fruit gives them vitamins for their families^, diets. Other trees are good for firewood. In a few years, the women won't spend so much time looking for firewood. Third, all these trees are good for the soil. Now rain can't wash the soil down from the mountains so easily.

    This plan isn't enough to stop the greenhouse effect. However, it's a start. The woman of Guatemala are helping themselves and helping their environment.

                                                                                             氦—3——人类未来的新能源
        ①氦—3是一种清洁、安全和高效的核融合发电燃料。开发利用月球土壤中的氦—3将是解决人类能源危机的极具潜力的途径之一。
        ②氦—3是氦的同位素，含有两个质子和一个中子。它有着许多特殊的性质。根据稀释制冷理论，当氦—3和氦—4以一定的比例相混合后，温度可以降低到无限接近绝对零度。在温度达到2.18k以下的时候，液体状态的氦—3还会出现“超流”现象，即没有粘滞性，它甚至可以从盛放的杯子中“爬”出去。然而，当前氦—3最被人重视的特性还是它作为能源的潜力。氦—3可以和氢的同位素氘发生核聚变反应，但是与一般的核聚变反应不同，氦—3在聚变过程中不产生中子，所以放射性小，而且反应过程易于控制，既环保又安全。但是地球上氦—3的储量总共不超过几百公斤，难以满足人类的需要。科学家发现，虽然地球上氦—3的储量非常少，但是在月球上，它的储量却是非常可观的。
       ③氦大部分集中在颗粒小于50微米的富含钛铁矿的月壤中，估计整个月球可提供71.5万吨氦—3。这些氦—3所能产生的电能，相当于1985年美国发电量的4万倍，考虑到月壤的开采、排气、同位素分离和运回地球的成本，氦—3的能源偿还比估计可达250。这个偿还比和铀235生产核燃料（偿还比约20）及地球上煤矿开采（偿还比约16）相比，是相当有利的。此外，从月壤中提取1吨氦—3，还可以得到约6300吨的氢、70吨的氦和1600吨碳。这些副产品对维持月球永久基地来说，也是必需的。俄罗斯科学家加利莫夫认为，每年人类只需发射只到3艘载重100吨的宇宙飞船，从月球上运回的氦—3即可供全人类作为替代能源使用1年，而它的运输费用只相当于目前核能发电的几十分之一。据加利莫夫介绍，如果人类目前就开始着手实从月球开采氦—3的计划，大约30年到40年后，人类将实现月球氦—3的实地开采并将其运回地面，该计划总的费用将在2500亿美元到3000亿美元之间。
       ④从20世纪90年代开始，包括中国、以色列、日本、印度等国家在内，人类掀起了新一轮的探月高潮，在这次探月高潮中，氦—3成为世人瞩目的目标。我国“嫦娥一号”探月卫星搭载的探月仪嚣于2004年4月开始初样研制，其中探测月球土壤厚度与元素含量是该探月仪器工作的重要内容。氦—3作为最有潜力的新能源，已经成为世界各国能源研究的重要课题。
                                                                                                                                                                      （选自《新华文摘》，有改动）