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    在我国,“法治”一词最早出现在《礼记·乐记》中,“然则先王之为乐也,以法治也。”在我国漫漫的历史长河中,无论是儒家还是法家,都将法律视为实现特定目标的手段和工具,而没有将其视为社会治理的目标。近代以来,尤其是自“五四”运动以来,“民主”和“科学”作为社会理想和目标,已具有广泛的共识。但“五四”时期并没有深刻认识到法治在国家治理中的重要作用。因为救亡图存、自立自强是那个时代的主旋律,民主指向自立,科学指向自强,“民主”和“科学”自然就被作为最重要的价值,而法治更多被看作是国家独立和强大之后,才应该思考和追求的目标。“五四”没有把法治作为口号,主要是因为人们并没有认识到法治的独立价值,而是将其作为实现民主、自由、平等、富强等目标的手段和工具。

    新中国的法制建设虽然取得了比较丰硕的成果,无论是成文法的颁布,还是法律的执行以及法律的适用等方方面面,但整个过程却并不是一帆风顺的。特别是在“文革”时期,法治基础遭到了极大的破坏。党的十一届三中全会确定了全党工作的重心,是进行社会主义现代化建设。以此为中心,深刻检讨了“文化大革命”的惨痛教训,提出了健全社会主义民主和加强社会主义法制的任务。“有法可依、有法必依、执法必严、违法必究”法制建设的“十六字方针”作为当时及后来很长时期内社会主义法制建设的基本方针。党的十五大明确提出了依法治国的基本方略,并正式采用“法治”的表述,这也标志着我们党在执政理念、领导方式上实现了历史性的跨越。1999 年,九届全国人大二次会议通过的宪法修正案明确规定,“中华人民共和国实行依法治国,建立社会主义法治国家”,这就将依法治国确立为一项宪法的的基本原则,通过国家根本大法对依法治国予以保障。这种观念上的改变意味着“法治国家”建设不再是一种方式和手段,其本身就是国家建设的目标。

    从党的十四大提出的“建设小康社会”到党的十八大提出的“全面建设小康社会”,这一变化本身表明,我们党对民主法制建设认识正在逐步深化。西汉时期的《淮南子》一书曾对小康社会进行了描述,“百官正而无私,上下调而无尤;法令明而不暗,辅佐公而不阿;田者不侵畔,渔者不争限;道不拾遗,市不豫贾”。可见,小康社会实际上包含了社会稳定、国富民强、百业兴旺、政通人和、秩序井然的内涵。即使仅从经济层面理解小康社会,将其视为一种社会经济维度上的现代化,那么“全面建设小康社会”的“全面”二字,则显然已经超越了经济维度。我们说法治是目的,是因为法治内在包含社会文化建设、民主法治建设等各类有利于增进人民幸福和福祉的目标。也就是说,“全面建设小康社会”不仅指物质上的丰富、经济上的富裕,人民安居乐业,生活幸福,而且还包含了个人生活在自由、平等、安全的法治环境中,社会治理井然有序、社会环境安定和睦、权利自由受到保障、社会正义充分实现等内涵,这些目标也是法治的目标。

(摘编自王利明《法治具有目的性》)

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根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

    Homework is a major part of going to school: It's your teachers' way of evaluating(评价) how much you understand of what's going on in class. ____ Luckily, you can do a few things to make homework less work.

    Be sure you understand the homework.

    Write your homework down in your notebook or day planner if you need to. ____ It's much easier to take a minute to ask the teacher during or after class than to struggle to remember later that night!

    Use any extra time in school.

    Many schools have study halls that are specifically designed to allow students to study. It's tempting (诱惑) to hang out with friends during study periods or unstructured (松散的) time. ____  

    Take a break.

    ____ So take some breaks while doing your homework. Sitting for too long without stretching or relaxing will make you less productive than if you stop every so often. Taking a 15-minute break every hour is a good idea for most people.

    ____

    If you don't finish your homework during school, think about how much you have left and what else is going on that day, and then budget your time. Most high-school students have between 1 and 3 hours of homework a night. If it's a heavy homework day and it seems like you've got an assignment in every subject but gym and lunch, you'll need to devote more time to homework. It's a good idea to come up with some kind of homework schedule, especially if you are involved in sports or activities or have an after-school job.

A. Pace yourself.

B. Settle down to do homework.

C. And it helps digest important concepts (概念).

D. Most people's attention spans (注意力持续时间) aren't very long.

E. Don't be afraid to ask questions about what's expected.

F. Once your homework is done, you can check over it if you have extra time.

G. But the more work you can get done in school, the less you'll have to do that night.