①自觉将垃圾丢进垃圾桶 ②摒弃陋习，崇尚文明

③自觉排队，购票乘车  ④酒后驾车，无证驾驶

阅读下面的文字，完成文后各题。

    ①古人讲“修辞立其诚”。写作首先要诚恳、诚实、真诚、坦诚地对待读者，讲真话，不讲假话。但这是否意味着只要讲的是真心话就合乎道德？季羡林先生有句名言：“假话不能说，真话不全说。”季先生的这一思想，既适用于日常生活中说话，更适用于写作。更适用于写作，写作（文学创作）不能只讲真话。

    ②无论写文学作品还是写各种论著，都不同于写日记，都不是纯粹个人的自言自语，更不是个人内心思想自然主义的宣泄和展示。写作是为了让别人看，势必会对读者产生影响。由于人的内心世界复杂多变，感受和见解有正误之分，欲望和念头有正邪之分，心境和情绪有积极与消极之分。如果写作的人只注重讲真话，不考虑影响作用和社会效果，心里想啥就写啥，把内心所有的东西都统统宣泄出来，文坛就会乱象丛生。现在有的人写文学作品，把内心中贪婪、淫秽的肮脏思想，都借用艺术形式来展露和渲染，严重地玷污了圣洁的文学园地，熏染着人们的心灵。

    ③写作是为社会创造精神财富，为读者提供精神食粮。凡是写出来公开发表的东西，就应当能对人们的心灵起到滋养、启迪、保健和导向的作用；凡是写作之人，都应当具有社会责任感和为读者服务的意识。写作时，从选题立意、谋篇布局，到每一段文字、每一句话，都要慎重考虑社会需求和可能产生的社会效果，力求为读者提供营养丰富、健康洁净的精神食粮。这就决定了，写作讲真话，要应从实际出发，通过深入理性思考，对什么话该写、什么话不该写，进行慎重的辨别、选择和取舍。

    ④真话和真理是两个含义不同的概念。真话指的是真心话，而真理则是指正确反映客观事物本质和规律的道理。真话并不等于真理，真话未必全是真理。但既然写作会对社会产生影响，作者用来表达自己思想的真话，也应当用来表达真理；既然写作是一种社会责任，作者就应当具有追求真理、阐释真理、传播真理的责任感。

    ⑤虽然谁也不敢保证自己写的句句都是真理，但在写作时必须经过深思熟虑。即使如此，智者千虑也难免会有一失，当文章发表后自己回头再看时，还往往会发现存在思虑不周的偏颇之处。倘若作者自己没有追求真理、阐释真理、传播真理之心，写作不进行深入理性思考和严谨推敲，那就势必会形成写作的粗制滥造、信口开河。

    ⑥文学创作需要虚构，文学创作也要说真话，虚构与说真话并不矛盾。但文学创作不能只满足于“说真话”。文学创作的一个重要原则是实现艺术真实。所谓“艺术真实”，指的是“艺术地再现生活的真实”，更集中、更典型、更生动、更具有代表性地再现生活的真实。只靠说自己心里的真话是远远不够的。作家心里的有些真话，也未必是符合现实社会真实生活的。作家必须在深入观察和体验社会生活的基础上，正确把握现实社会生活的本质和规律，依靠深刻生动的形象思维，经过艰辛的集中、概括和提炼过程，方能塑造出令人感动和信服的典型环境中的典型形象，艺术地再现生活的真实。

    ⑦写作是人类传播和传承文明的一种重要文化活动，必须具有文化精神。文化精神最核心的内容就是要建构积极向上的文化内容和精神境界，大力弘扬责任意识、服务意识和敬业意识。

（选自李贵富 王长存《也说“写作讲真话”》，有删改）

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    The news of Stephen Hawking's death came a great shock to the whole world. To his family, he was “a great scientist and an extraordinary man whose work and legacy（遗赠）will 1 for many years”.

    His parents, both Oxford graduates, placed a high  2 on education and family members were often seen reading books at dinner. 3 known at school as “Einstein”, Hawking was not 4 successful academically. With time, he began to show talents for scientific subjects and decided to read  5 at university. As mathematics was not  6at Oxford then, Hawking chose physics instead.

    Diagnosed with a rare motor neurone disease, Hawking eventually 7 a wheelchair. Though shocked and bitter, Hawking continued his work in physics  8. After the loss of his  9, he communicated through a speech-generating device, which  10 him to produce A Brief History of Time with the help of an assistant.

    Hawking once  11how he felt when first informed of his disease,  12 that he would never realize his potential. “But now, 50 years later, I  13 be more satisfied with my life,” he said.

    Hawking also gained popularity  14 the academic world and appeared in several TV shows. He was featured in the film The Theory of Everything, which  15 his rise to fame and relationship with his first wife, Jane.

    Prof James Hartle, who once worked with him ,praised his unique ability to see through all the clutter（混乱）in physics and get to the  16.” My 17 of him would be…first as a scientist and, second, as a human being whose story is a victory  18 misfortune, which inspired a lot of people.” Prof Jim Al-Khalili pictured Hawking as a  19 person. “He was a fun loving guy. Inside that paralyzed body was someone full of  20 for life,” he said.