阅读材料，完成下列要求。

材料：人类各文明的存在和发展具有一般的基本规律。犹如一个有机体，每个文明都会经历起源、成长、衰落和解体四个阶段。文明兴衰的基本原因是挑战和应战。一个文明，如果能够成功地应对挑战，郅么它就会诞生和成长起来；反之，如果不能成功地应对挑战，那么它就会走向衰落和解体。

——【英】阿诺德•汤因比《历史研究》

根据材料并结合所学的世界史知识，评析汤因比关于“挑战与应战”的观点。（要求：对该观点赞成、反对或另有观点均可，论述要观点明确、史论结合。）

写出近义词。

酸涩—____    增加—____   尊敬—____

    Seven years ago,back in 2010,some reports covered a story that the world's longest railway tunnel was under construction in Switzerland.At that point it had already been under construction for over a decade.It had been voted to be built nearly a quarter of a century ago!The idea to build it could date back to nearly 70 years ago—about as old as some of your grandparents!

Yesterday,it was finally ready!

    It's 35 miles long and runs 7,500 feet beneath the Swiss Alps,a famous mountain range in Switzerland.It even runs under an old tunnel that was there before.It took a total of 17 years to build at a cost of $12 billion.128 million tons of rock were dug.Two million truckloads of earth were removed!

    The tunnel connects northern and southern Europe.The opening of this runnel was such a big deal that the Germany's leader,Chancellor Angela Merkel,France's president,Francois Hollande,and Italy's prime minister,Matteo Renzi,were an there to celebrate,as was Austria's chancellor Christian Kern.

    It's called the Gotthard Base Tunnel.Eventually,325 freight and passenger trains will go through the tunnel,relieving a lot of traffic on the roadways there and making it a more environmentally friendly option.The Gotthard Base Tunnel is a wonder of engineering!Make us want to visit it!