遗传病已成为威胁人类健康的一个重要因素，请完成下列有关遗传病题：

（1）如图1曲线表示各类遗传病在人体不同发育阶段的发病风险，请分析回答：图中多基因遗传病的显著特点是____ ．除此之外，多基因遗传病还具有在群体中发病率较____ 的特点．

（2）AS综合征是一种由于患儿脑细胞中UBE3A蛋白含量缺乏导致的神经系统发育性遗传病．父、母方第15号染色体上相关基因的作用机理分别如图2所示．请分析回答以下问题：

①研究表明，人体非神经组织中的来自母方或父方的UBE3A基因都可以正常表达，只在神经组织中UBE3A基因表达才会被抑制，说明该基因的表达具有____ 性．

②UBE3A蛋白是泛素﹣蛋白酶体的核心组分之一，后者可特异性“标记”P₅₃蛋白并使其降解．由此可知AS综合征患儿脑细胞中P₅₃蛋白积累量较____ ．细胞内蛋白质降解的另一途径是通过____  （细胞器）来完成的．

③动物体细胞中某对同源染色体多出一条的个体称为“三体”．现产前诊断出一个15号染色体为“三体”的受精卵是由正常卵细胞与异常精子受精形成的，其UBE3A基因全部正常．该受精卵可随机丢失一条15号染色体而完成胚胎发育，则发育成AS综合征患者的几率是____  （不考虑基因突变，请用分数表示）．为避免生出三体患者，可采用____  手段进行产前诊断．

（3）丙种球蛋白缺乏症（XLA）是一种伴X染色体隐性遗传病，某家族中的XLA男性患者在未接受有效治疗的前提下，一部分幼年夭折，一部分能活到四、五十岁．请分析出现这种情况可能的原因：____

    Students perform better when their instructors use hand gestures—a simple teaching tool that could generate benefits in higher－level math such as algebra(代数)．

    A study published in Child Development,the top－ranked educational psychology journal,provides some of the strongest evidence yet that gesturing may have a unique effect on learning.Teachers in the United States tend to use gestures less than teachers in other countries.

     "Gesturing can be a very beneficial tool that is completely free and easily employed in classrooms," said Kimberly Fenn,study co－author and assistant professor of psychology at Michigan State University."And I think it can have long－lasting effects."

    Fenn and Ryan Duffy of MSU and Susan Cook of the University of Iowa conducted an experiment with 184 second－,third－ and fourth－graders in Michigan elementary classrooms.

    Half of the students were shown videos of an instructor teaching math problems using only speech.The others were shown videos of the instructor teaching the same problems using both speech and gestures.In the speech－only videos,the instructor simply explains the problem.In the other videos,the instructor uses two hand gestures while speaking,using different hands to refer to the two sides of the equation.Students who learned from the gesture videos performed better on a test given immediately afterward than those who learned from the speech－only video.

    Another test was given 24 hours later,and the gesture students actually showed improvement in their performance while the speech－only students did not.

    While previous research has shown the benefits of gestures in a one－on－one tutoring－style environment,the new study is the first to test the role of gestures in equivalence learning in a regular classroom.

    The study also is the first to show that gestures can help students transfer learning to new contexts—such as transferring the knowledge learned in an addition－based equation to a multiplication－based equation.

    Fenn noted that U.S.students lag behind those in many other Western countries in math and have a particularly hard time mastering equivalence problems in early grades."So if we can help them grasp this foundational knowledge earlier," she said,"it will help them as they learn algebra and higher levels of mathematics."

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