Pleasure and Enjoyment

    When considering the kind of experience that makes life better, most people first think that happiness consists in experiencing pleasure: good food, all the comforts that money can buy. We imagine the satisfaction of traveling to exciting places or being surrounded by expensive devices. If we cannot afford those goals, then we are happy to settle for a quiet evening in front of the television set with a drink close by.

    Pleasure is a feeling of contentment that one achieves whenever expectations set by biological programs or by social conditioning have been met. The taste of food when we are hungry is pleasant because it reduces a physiological (生理的) imbalance. Resting in the evening while passively absorbing information from TV, with alcohol or drugs to dull the mind overexcited by the demands of work, is pleasantly relaxing. Traveling to Acapulco is pleasant because the exciting novelty (新奇) restores our sensations (感觉) exhausted by the repetitive routines of everyday life.

    When people think further about what makes their lives rewarding, they tend to move beyond pleasant memories and begin to remember other events, other experiences that overlap(重叠) with pleasurable ones but fall into a category that deserves a separate name: enjoyment. Enjoyable events occur when a person has not only met some expectation or satisfied a need or a desire but also gone beyond what he or she has been programmed to do and achieved something unexpected, perhaps something even unimagined before.

    Enjoyment is characterized by this forward movement: by a sense of novelty, of accomplishment. Playing a close game of tennis that stretches one's ability is enjoyable, as is reading a book that reveals things in a new light, as is having a conversation that leads us to express ideas we didn't know we had. Closing a contested business deal, or any piece of work well done, is enjoyable. None of these experiences may be particularly pleasurable at the time they are taking place, but afterward we think back on them and say, “That really was fun” and wish they would happen again. After an enjoyable event we know that we have changed, that our self has grown: in some respect, we have become more complex as a result of it.

    Experiences that give pleasure can also give enjoyment, but the two sensations are quite different. For instance, everybody takes pleasure in eating. To enjoy food, however, is more difficult. A gourmet (美食家) enjoys eating, as does anyone who pays enough attention to a meal so as to discriminate the various sensations provided by it. As this example suggests, we can experience pleasure without any investment of psychic energy, whereas enjoyment happens only as a result of unusual investments of attention. A person can feel pleasure without any effort, but it is impossible to enjoy a tennis game, a book, or a conversation unless attention is fully concentrated on the activity.

Pleasure and Enjoyment

阅读下面的文字，完成文后各题。

不懂外文的翻译家

    林纾出生时，大清王朝已病入膏肓。青年时代的林纾被乡里视为“狂生”，这与他的秉性有关，更因为他对当时社会现实的不满和蔑视。1882年，林纾作为以文名显于乡里又不断赴京应试的举人，出入于士流之中，奔走于南北之间。他感受着时代风雨和民族的危难，强烈地意识到自身的责任。1884年，甲申中法之战在林纾故乡福州海面上爆发。停泊在马尾港的法国舰队突然向中国的船只发起进攻，一个多小时就击沉了中国全部船只，摧毁了洋务派苦心经营的马尾造船厂，福建海军全军覆没。林纾悲愤莫名，与挚友林崧抱头痛哭，引以为奇耻大辱。1884年11月，左宗棠来福州督办军务，林纾与好友拦马告状，控告当时主持福建军务的人谎报军情，掩盖败绩。当时林纾目光如炬，纵谈败状，未尝有所顾忌。告状后，林纾与友人相约“不胜，赴诏狱死”。

    甲午战争后，维新变法思潮高涨。林纾走进维新派的行列，不过他凭的是文学。1897年，林纾出版了第一部诗集《闽中新乐府》，这是在他“每议论中外事，慨叹不能自已”的特定情况下写成的。这部诗集实际上是仿照白居易的讽喻诗为儿童创作的带有启蒙性质的通俗歌诀。“每日国仇似海深，救国须鼓儿童心”，由于它具有鲜明的政治性和现实性，“养蒙者奉为金科玉律”，影响甚大，后来流传到海外。1897年，这位不懂外文的落第举人，正式走上了翻译西洋文学的道路。这是维新思潮影响的结果，也是林纾成为维新派的有力标志。戊戌变法前后，伴随着改良主义政治运动的兴起，维新派发起了具有革新意义的文学改良运动。他们倡导“诗界革命”，又倡导“小说界革命”。译介西洋文学正是“小说界革命”的一大方面。这年夏曾佑（学者、诗人）、严复在《国闻报》上主张译介欧美小说以“使民开化”，次年梁启超在《清议报》上又主张“特采外国名儒所撰述，而有关切于中国时局者，次第译之”。林纾在实践上从事小说翻译，与他们在理论上倡导小说翻译是同步的。颇具传奇色彩的是，第一部在近代文学翻译史上引起巨大反响的《巴黎茶花女遗事》，竟是友人王寿昌手捧法文原著，口译小说内容，林纾“耳受手追”，摇笔整理成篇。小说发表以后，引起了轰动。接着他不惜重金，通过各种渠道，购置欧美文学原著。然后请人给他“口译”，再由他进行“笔述”。其用力之勤，搜罗之广，译作数量之多，都是惊人的。

    1899年，林纾举家移居杭州。他眷爱杭州的湖山之美，曾尽力维护西湖的旖旎风光。他每游西湖，就留心查看何处缺树，一一记在心头。第二年清明节前，他亲购垂柳幼苗千株，着人补栽在缺柳之处，此事在杭州传为佳话，他以此自号“西湖补柳翁”。他和魏易又进行了《黑奴吁天录》的翻译。他们认为中国刚刚经历八国联军入侵之辱，亡国灭种之祸迫如燃眉，此小说深刻地暴露了种族压迫的罪恶，可以警醒国人。他们仅用两个月时间就完成了这部小说的翻译工作。林纾在《跋》中指出“非巧于叙悲以博阅者无端之眼泪，特为奴之势逼及吾种，不能不为大众一号”。显然，林纾已自觉地把自己的文学翻译与中国的反帝斗争结合在一起了。这时他已是举国瞩目的文学家了：用“新学”的眼光来衡量，他奉献给国人的是西洋小说，因此维新派为有这样一位翻译家而自豪；用“旧学”的眼光来衡量，他的译文是文言，颇有马班韩流的神韵、传统文学的风采，因此嗜好“旧学”的人也对他刮目相看。无论新派旧派都承认林纾的文学才华和地位。林纾的译笔有其独自的特色，又颇能保有原文的情调，人物也能传原著之神。他借助他人口译来翻译的小说，其成功译作至今还具有生命力。这些西洋小说向中国民众展示了丰富的西方文化，开拓了人们的视野。此后的十六七年间，他几乎是无间断地在译坛上辛苦耕耘，译作的总数达179种，涉及11个国家的98位作者，被誉为“译届泰斗”。

    然而，从政治立场看，辛亥革命之前的林纾，一方面强烈要求反帝救国、热血澎湃，一方面却不赞同以改朝换代谋求救国的民族民主革命运动。伴随着政治立场的落伍，林纾身上亦新亦旧的二重色彩更明朗化了。辛亥革命后，林纾对“共和”制下的民国是否优于那个未曾实现的“君主立宪”产生了疑惑，对于民国初年的乱哄哄的“共和”渐渐不满、失望乃至绝望。他写道“时局日坏，乱党日滋。天下屹屹，忧心如焚。无暇作谑，但有深悲”。前清已矣，现实又给他当头棒喝，他的立场复归到辛亥革命前的立宪派那里。他成了一位可叹的“遗老”。

(摘编自张俊才《林纾评传》)

1953年Watson和Crick构建了DNA双螺旋结构模型，其重要意义在于（   ）
①发现DNA如何存储遗传信息             ②确定DNA是主要的遗传物质
③发现DNA分子中碱基含量的规律性      ④为DNA复制机构的阐明奠定基础