下列有关性别遗传的说法中，错误的是（  ）

    It's just been three months after the first bike-sharing company arrived in Singapore, but reports of abuse and vandalism（故意破坏）of shared bikes in the city keep appearing on social media.

    The majority of these shared bikes are stationless, which means they don't need to be stopped at a designated（指定的）spot. They lock themselves after your ride is over, and you're meant to just leave the bike at the side of a road.

    But users have been chaining up bicycles outside their apartments, preventing others from using them. Some people bring them up to their apartment floors, so they can't be found easily by other users. Some people have removed the bikes' number plates or codes, and some even have painted over the bikes to claim the bikes for themselves. Most of the abused bikes belong to either Singapore-based oBike, or ofo, a bike-sharing giant based in China.

    ofo has encouraged Singaporean users to report issues. oBike said that the number of bicycles that were damaged made up less than one percent of its fleet. The company said in February that it planned to bring in “tens of thousands” of bikes by mid-2017. The company has yet to ban anyone from its service, but said that it would take appropriate action – including making reports to the police.

    oBike also introduced a shortcoming system, similar to that of its competitor, China-based Mobike. Users start with 100 points, which get taken away for errant（出格的）behaviour such as forgetting to lock the bike, or parking at non-designated areas. Users are banned from using oBike when their scores reach zero. oBike has an eight-man operation team that can remove bicycles parked casually.

    When approached for comment, Mobike said, “In China, just as in Singapore, there are always a tiny minority of people who abuse the bikes, so we designed our system to prevent this type of abuse.”

阅读下文，回答问题

“鸡汤”与“反鸡汤”

长余

       ①“当你觉得自己又丑又穷一无是处时，别绝望，因为至少你的判断还是对的。”“很多时候你不逼自己一把，你就不知道自己还有能把事情搞砸的本事。”与在朋友圈上泛滥的心灵鸡汤相比，这些专门调侃“鸡汤”的“反鸡汤”段子如今在网上越来越流行，它们常常以犀利的言辞，劈头浇人一瓢冷水，让不少人大呼“中枪”。

       ②“鸡汤”与“反鸡汤”，如今在网络上逐渐成为一种现象。有的人在朋友圈里乐此不疲地转发各式各样的鸡汤，有的人则对这些嗤之以鼻，更有人专门对心灵鸡汤进行调侃、解构、证伪，成为坚定的“反鸡汤党”。

       ③仔细观察“反鸡汤”对“鸡汤”的“反动”，可以发现一个有趣的现象：双方最喜欢在如何面对自身失败的问题上“较劲”：当你“又丑又穷”时，鸡汤劝你只要努力就能“迎娶白富美”，反鸡汤则告诉你休想做白日梦；当你没有把握时，鸡汤鼓励你“你是最棒的”，反鸡汤则会说“先掂量掂量自己吧”——“鸡汤”喜欢进行心理按摩，要你相信自己能够成功，“反鸡汤”则喜欢给你当头一棒，要你认清现实。

       ④人人都害怕失败，这是人的天性。每个人也都对失败的程度、次数有一个阈值，超过这个阈值，人会变得沮丧和失望，进而趋向于放弃。美国心理学家塞利格曼曾提出一个“习得性无助”的概念，他用狗作了一项实验：起初把狗关在笼子里，只要铃声一响，就对它进行电击，狗关在笼子里逃避不了电击，多次实验后，铃声一响，还没进行电击，狗就伏倒在地开始呻吟和颤抖，即使把笼门打开，狗也不会逃走了。本来可以主动地逃离，却绝望地等待痛苦的来临——这就是“习得性无助”。心理学证明，人在长期面对失败时，也常常会“习得性无助”，而这时，人们最需要的其实不是面对失败“如何解决”，而是“如何相信自己可以解决”，这也正是心灵鸡汤大有市场的原因。

       ⑤其实，人人都有需要“鸡汤”的时候，大多数人在人生的某个阶段，都曾被某种温暖的“鸡汤”触动、激励过。在最虚弱的时候，喝一口“鸡汤”补一补，确实有“强身健体”的效果。只不过，当我们喝下这些咕嘟咕嘟冒着热气的心灵鸡汤时，也不应忘却现实处境，找到解决方法，正如有网友所说：心灵鸡汤并不可怕，可怕的是有人喝了一万碗鸡汤后，却还在为每天早点起床天人交战。

       ⑥所以，“鸡汤”虽好，可不要贪杯哦。如果欲罢不能，还请再干一碗“反鸡汤”。

                                                                                                                                                                  （选自《人民日报》2016年10月11日）