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李贺小传

李商隐

    京兆杜牧为李长吉集叙,状长吉之奇甚尽,世传之。长吉姊嫁王氏者,语长吉之事尤备。

    长吉细瘦,通眉,长指爪。能苦吟疾书,最先为昌黎韩愈所知。所与游者,王参元、杨敬之、权璩、崔植辈为密。每旦日出与诸公游,未尝得题然后为诗,如他人思量牵合,以及程限①为意。恒从小奚奴,骑距驴,背一古破锦囊,遇有所得,即书投囊中。及暮归,太夫人使婢受囊出之,见所书多,辄曰:“是儿要当呕出心乃始已尔!”上灯,与食,长吉从婢取书,研墨叠纸足成之,投他囊中。非大醉及吊丧日,率如此。过亦不复省,王、杨辈时复来探取写去。长吉往往独骑往还京、洛,所至或时有著,随弃之。故沈子明家所余四卷而已。

    长吉将死时,忽昼见一绯衣人,驾赤虬,持一板,书若太古篆或霹雳石文者,云当召长吉。长吉了不能读,欻②下榻叩头,言:“阿③弥老且病,贺不愿去。”绯衣人笑曰:“帝成白玉楼,立召君为记。天上差乐,不苦也!” 长吉独泣,边人尽见之。少之,长吉气绝。常所居窗中,勃勃④有烟气,闻行车嘒管⑤之声。太夫人急止人哭,待之如炊五斗黍许时,长吉竟死。王氏姊非能造作谓长吉者,实所见如此。

    呜呼!天苍苍而高也,上果有帝耶?帝果有苑圃、宫室、观阁之玩耶?苟信然,则天之高邈,帝之尊严,亦宜有人物文采愈此世者,何独眷眷于长吉而使其不寿耶?噫!又岂世所谓才而奇者,不独地上少,即天上亦不多耶?长吉生二十七年,位不过奉礼太常,时人亦多排摈毁斥之,又岂才而奇者,帝独重之,而人反不重耶?又岂人见会胜帝耶?

[注]①程限:让人遵循的标准、规范。②欻(xū):忽然。③阿:母亲。④勃勃:烟气向上的样子。⑤嘒管:声音轻微的管乐器。

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    Grammar is the system of a language. People sometimes describe grammar as the “rules” of a language; but in fact no language has rules. If we use the word “rules”, we suggest that somebody created the rules first and then spoke the language, like a new game. But languages did not start like that. Languages started by people making sounds which evolved (逐渐发展成) into words, phrases and sentences. No commonly-spoken language is fixed. All languages change over time. What we call “grammar” is simply a reflection (反映) of a language at a particular time.

    Do we need to study grammar to learn a language? The short answer is “no”. Very many people in the world speak their own, native language without having studied its grammar. Children start to speak before they even know the word“grammar”. But if you are serious about learning a foreign language, the long answer is “yes, grammar can help you to learn a language more quickly and more efficiently.” It's important to think of grammar as something that can help you, like a friend. When you understand the grammar (or system) of a language, you can understand many things yourself, without having to ask a teacher or look in a book.

    So think of grammar as something good, something positive, something that you can use to find your way---like a signpost(路标) or a map.

    Except invented languages like Esperanto(世界语). And if Esperanto were widely spoken, its rules would soon be very different.