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    If you're ever apart from your children, a new study says just talking on the phone will help just as much as a hug (拥抱).

    If you're a parent who spends long hours on the job, you probably feel sorry for spending so much time away from your kids. But the results of a new study show that a mother's voice alone can be just as comforting to an anxious child as physical contact (接触).

    In an experiment, researchers from the University of Wisconsin Madison asked a group of girls between the ages of 7 and 12 to solve math problems in front of judges — a stressful situation for anyone. Before the girls were set to give their answers, the researchers measured their levels of two hormones(荷尔蒙):cortisol,which goes up during stressful periods, and oxytocin, the “love” hormone, which goes down at the same time.

    After the girls finished the problems, some of them got to meet up with their mothers right away. The moms came in and hugged the girls. Another group of the girls didn't see their mothers, but received phone calls from them, in which their mothers told them how well they'd done. The final group had no contact with their mothers, but instead watched an animal movie, March of the Penguins.

    Finally, the girls' hormone levels were measured again. Although the movie was interesting, it did nothing to reduce the children's anxiety—but, surprisingly, both the physical contact and phone calls from their mothers had the same effect on reducing the girls' stress levels.

    So, no matter how old you are, if you're feeling stressed about something in your life, a phone call to Mom might be just the key to help you feel better.

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    古代,随着香药输入途径的多元化及香药进口数量的增加,中国史籍中关于香药特性的记载日趋详细准确,香药功用的发掘日益丰富。部分香药虽早在汉代已传入中国,但由汉至隋的八百余年间,因传入香药种类及数量有限,加之其使用人群多局限于宗教僧侣及皇宫贵族,故史籍中关于香药的记载较为简略。唐宋时期,香药输入的种类及数量虽较之前代有大幅增加,关于香药的记录也更为详细,但人们对香药的认识仍存在很大程度的偏颇,就连世代经营香药的土生波斯人李珣,也误将本是同物异名的熏陆香和乳香当成两种不同香药。

    经过历代本草学家及医者们的不断积累和发现,明代史籍中关于香药的记载,无论从书写体例还是编撰内容来看,都更为准确详实。

    明初以来,随着时人对香药特性的深入了解,东南亚香药在中国的应用重点逐渐从宗教祭祀、熏衣化妆、医疗保健领域扩展至饮食调味。

    从记录香药使用情况的书籍类型来看,明以前记载香药的史籍主要为宗教典籍、本草书籍、药书及香谱四大类,香药主要作为药材、香品被时人使用。与前代不同的是,日用类书、沿海方志及海洋图书成为明代记录香药特性及其应用情况的核心资料。例如,《瀛涯胜览》《东西洋考》等海洋图书对于香药的种类、产地、特性及功用皆给予了详细介绍,从这类书籍的撰写者来看,他们或亲赴海外,或身居市舶之职,或久居沿海重镇,耳闻目睹香药贸易之盛况,对海舶香药的记载自然颇为准确,也更具针对性;而《多能鄙事》《便民图纂》等日用类书则以丰富的实例介绍了香药在饮食、保健等日常生活领域应用的过程,荤素菜肴、茶酒汤水、肉脯果干中加入香药的例子比比皆是。从记载内容及书写特点来看,香药在日常生活中的消费重点在明初发生了重要转变,从疗疾保健转向了美食调味。元代的营养学专著《饮膳正要》中,关于胡椒应用于饮食的记录多达三十余条,然而在介绍这些食谱之前几乎都先强调其食疗保健功效,而明代的记录则多略去对其治病保健功效的介绍,更强调香药的调味及腌制功能。

    明初以来,随着民间海外贸易的发展,各类香药源源不断地输入中国,不仅保证了香药在中国市场的供需稳定,且使这一曾经贵为奢侈品的香药真正进入寻常百姓之家。

    这一时期,记载香药应用于饮食的明代书籍则多为面对普通百姓的日用类书,因此,仅从书籍的类型及适度人群来看,明代的普通平民已开始将香药应用于饮食中。此外,明代的医书常用胡椒来形容制作药丸的大小,如“丸如胡椒大”“大如胡椒”等,再次说明了以胡椒为代表的香药在明代社会生活中的应用之广泛。

(选自《东南亚香药与明代饮食风尚》,有删减)