题干

阅读材料,完成下列要求。

材料一:贞观十四年(公元641年),魏征上书唐太宗,说:“广臣闻君为元首,臣做股肱……君虽明哲,必藉股肱以致治。”唐太宗也经常对臣下说:“主欲知过,必藉忠臣。公等每看事有不利于人,必须极言规谏。”……贞观时期被后世称道的原因在于君主给了臣子更多的尊重和参政机会,让这些臣子在君臣道义的要求下去参与社会治理,进而在制度设计上为君臣共治的实现提供了许多条件。

——摘编自王亚南《中国古代官僚政治研究》

材料二:在明代,以官员批评皇帝为核心的君臣冲突表现的尤为突出。成化四年,宪宗为满足生母周氏愿望,命大臣于帝陵外别选址以葬英宗嫡后钱氏。此事有违礼制,群臣极谏争之,“伏哭文华门,竞得如礼”。明中期以后,“占夺民业,而为民厉者,莫如皇庄及诸王、勋戚、中官庄田为甚”。于是“科道”谏言,“天子以四海为家,普天率土莫非所有,何必置立庄田与贫民较刀锥之利哉”?宪宗边于群臣压力,对弊政有所厘清。天启年间,熹宗纵容魏忠贤介入朝政,南北诸臣纷纷上疏要求惩处魏忠贤,熹宗皆不纳。

——摘编自张廷玉《明史》

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    In fact there are lots of videos of school bullying online every year. We feel angry with the bullies and sorry for the victims in fights and blackmails. Some middle schools and primary schools in some far counties and villages are the worst-hit parts. Nearly half the victims of bullying in middle schools choose to stay silent rather than ask for help or ways to solve the problem, China Youth Daily reported.

    There is a study on junior middle school bullying made by the China Women's University. It showed that 48.9 percent of the students never asked for help after being bullied. And the study also told us 52.6 percent kept silent because they were afraid of “losing face among schoolmates”.

    The China Youth and Children Research Center made a survey of 5,864 primary and middle school percent of students suffered bullying, while 6.1 percent were often bullied by senior schoolmates.

    Cases of violence between boys and girls totaled 85 percent of all school bullying, the report said. Violence between girls accounted for as much as 32.5percent of the total. Unlike direct arguments usually seen between boys, the violence between girls more often took the form of insults, which terribly caused victims have strong feelings, it was added.

    A study published by the Beijing High People's Court showed that 68 percent of offenders attacked their schoolmates in a cruel manner and nearly 60 percent of school violence cases were caused by small matters, Legal Daily said.

    Earlier, Tang Jun of Renmin University of China told reporters that the social risks of school bullying have been given too little care. We should train our teachers to deal with school bullying, improve their skills of preventing it, and help the victim students to recover physically and mentally. At the same time, students and their parents should know the school's rules about bullying and what they should do if it happens. Second, children should be taught to stand up for themselves. They should try to solve problems by talking them out. Children should tell someone if they are being picked on. Third, parents should look for warning signs of bullying. We must pay more attention to it and try our best to solve it.