材料一：公元前6世纪，梭伦对国家政权机构进行了改革，使公民大会成为国家最高权力机关，负责审议并决定一切国家大事。所有合法公民均有参与权、知情权、发言权、选举权和被选举权。公元前6世纪末，克里斯提尼创立新的五百人议事会（作为常设机构），每部落抽签选出50人参加，议员名额依各居住区公民人数按比例分配。当选议员可以连选连任，但公民一生只能担任两届议员。

——《雅典民主政治初探》

材料二：罗马法规定，死者的财产需按其遗嘱进行处理。……一家之主有权将他的财产遗留给任何他所喜爱的人。“私有财产是神圣不可侵犯的权利。除非由于合法认定的公共需要的明显要求，并且在事先公平补偿的条件下，任何人的财产不能被剥夺”则成为法国大革命时期的《人权宣言》基本原则。

    In 1943, when I was 4, my parents moved from Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, to Fairbanks, Alaska, where adventure was never very far away.

    We arrived in the summer, just in time to enjoy the midnight sun. All that sunlight was fantastic for Mum's vegetable garden. Working in the garden at midnight tended to throw her timing off, so she didn't care much about my bedtime.

    Dad was a Railway Express agent and Mum was his clerk. That left me in a mess. I usually managed to find some trouble to get into. Once I had a little fire going in the dirt basement of a hotel. I had tried to light a barrel(桶) of paint but couldn't really get a good fire going. The smoke got pretty bad, though, and when I made my exit, a crowd and the police were there to greet me. The policemen took my matches and drove me home.

    Mum and Dad were occupied in the garden and Dad told the police to keep me, and they did! I had a tour of the prison before Mum rescued me. I hadn't turned 5 yet.

    As I entered kindergarten, the serious cold began to set in. Would it surprise you to know that I soon left part of my tongue on a metal handrail at school?

    As for Leonhard Seppala, famous as a dog sledder(驾雪橇者), I think I knew him well because I was taken for a ride with his white dog team one Sunday. At the time I didn't realize what a superstar he was, but I do remember the ride well. I was wrapped(包裹) heavily and well sheltered from the freezing and blowing weather.

    In 1950, we moved back to Coeur d'Alene, but we got one more Alaskan adventure when Leonhard invited us eight years later by paying a visit to Idaho to attend a gathering of former neighbors of Alaska.