题干

【中外历史人物评说】阅读下列材料,回答问题

材料一:亚里士多德以为天体是种神圣而不腐坏的,和我们有缺陷的世界是不同类的,而今人们却这样把天体纳入研究范围之内,并且证明天体也按照伽利略和牛顿根据地面上的实验和归纳所得到的力学原理,处在这个巨大的数学和谐之内。这就是人们通常所说的“牛顿革命”。

——W.C.丹皮尔《科学史及其与哲学和宗教的关系》

材料二:人们由此发现,原来整个错综复杂的自然界,不过是一个按某种法则运转的巨大的机械装置,而其中并没有上帝的地盘。于是传统的宗教信仰被动摇了,唯物主义思潮开始盛行。到18世纪后半期,欧洲的知识精英大多已对基督教持怀疑态度,此情况在法国尤其突出。……孟德斯鸠研究“法”的精神,其主旨也是希图确定支配人类社会的一般规律。启蒙思想家们在牛顿革命启发、激励下所进行的种种思考。在历史上曾起过非常积极的作用,有力地推动了现代文明的发展和人类社会的进步,但由于牛顿学说本身的机械决定论性质,充满机械唯物论精神的启蒙思想也不可避免地带有形而上学的武断(主要是忽视了人的心灵的复杂性),因而在起正面作用的同时往往也会造成种种负面后果。

——摘自马克垚《世界文明史·上》

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B

    I'm David. Long ago I came to the city near my hometown to find a job. I met all kinds of difficulties and I used up all my money soon.

    It was dark outside one day. I got on a bus quietly. Suddenly, a passenger cried in a loud voice, "someone has stolen my money!" I felt nervous, because his money was in my hand. Some people suggested the driver drive the bus to the police station, but some were against it because they were in a hurry to go back home. The whole bus was very noisy. The driver then stopped the bus by the roadside and turned on the lights. At that time, one passenger said, "Turn off the lights and give the thief(小简)a chance to take out the money."Then the bus got dark.

    When I was still thinking about whether to take out the money or not, the lights were turned on again. There was no money on the floor. Someone said, "Give him one more chance." Then the lights were turned off again. I became even more nervous. The lights were turned on again but they got the same result.

    Then the passengers fell into an open discussion. Later, someone said, "Give him the last chance!" I felt awakened(醒悟的) and took out all the money when the lights were turned off again.

    For many years I have been grateful to those who gave me three chances. When the first and Second chances come, you may not be prepared well or don't have enough courage to act. When the third chance comes, you should know clearly what you should do.

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