题干

材料一 (秦朝初年)“法令出一”,“天下之事无小大,皆决于上”。
——《史记》
材料二  英国大百科全书中说:“我们所知道的最早的考试制度,是中国所采用的选举制度(这里即指科举制),及其定期举行的考试。”
——人教版《中国历史》七年级下册
材料三 (元朝疆域)北与阴山,西及流沙,东尽辽左,南越海表……。汉唐极盛之际不及言。
——《元史·地理志》
材料四  

朝  代设立组织机构作    用
明朝(明太祖)A是特务组织,对官吏和百姓进行严密的监视侦察。
清朝(雍正帝)B是处理军政大事的权力枢纽。它的设置标志着我国封建君主集权进一步强化,皇帝集权发展到顶峰。

请回答:
(1)材料一中的“上”是指哪位历史人物?为加强封建统治,秦朝创立了哪一政治制度对中国历史产生深远影响?汉武帝为同样的目的,在地方上推行了什么政策?
(2)材料二中科举制的正式产生与历史上哪一位皇帝有关?唐玄宗采取何种措施来完善科举制的?
(3)从材料三中你可以获取的主要信息是什么?元世祖忽必烈为实现对元朝疆域的有效管辖实行了什么制度?
(4)材料四表格中A、B处组织机构分别是什么?
(5)综上所述,自秦朝以来建立、发展的这一政治制度对我国历史发展进程有何积极作用?

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答案(点此获取答案解析)

(1)人物:秦始皇(或秦王嬴政);政治制度:封建专制主义的中央集权制度;政策:推恩令

(2)隋炀帝;唐玄宗措施:将诗赋作为进士科的主要的考试内容
(3)元朝疆域空前辽阔;行省制度
(4)A: 锦衣卫;B: 军机处
(5)促进了统一多民族国家的巩固和发展

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    Life may have evolved on at least three planets within a newly discovered solar system 39 light years from Earth. Astronomers at the NASA have discovered no less than seven roughly Earth-sized worlds orbiting a dwarf star in the system. Scientists had previously identified a tiny number of "exoplanets", which are believed to have the qualities needed to support life. However, the new system contains an unprecedented(前所未有) number of Earth-sized, probably rocky planets, and is being acknowledged as an "accelerated leap forward" in the search for extraterrestrial (外星球的)life.

    Three of the new planets are said to be particularly promising because there might exist oceans. Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator of NASA, told a press conference in Washington: "This gives us a hint that finding a second Earth is not a matter of 'if', but 'when'."

    The planets were discovered using NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope, which was able to track how fast each of the planets crossed the star Trappist-l and completed an orbit. From this the research team calculated how far the planets were from their star, and therefore how likely they are to be habitable.

    NASA's Hubble Space Telescope is already being used to search for atmospheres around the planets. Future telescopes, including the proposed European Extremely Large Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope, may be powerful enough to discover markers of life, such as oxygen in the atmospheres of exoplanets.

    Astronomers believe there could be as many as 40 billion potentially habitable worlds in our galaxy, the Milky Way. Prof Zurbuchen said that now was a "gold-rush phase" in the search for these exoplanets.

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