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上池州李使君书  杜牧

    仆与足下齿同而道不同,足下性俊达坚明,心正而气和,饰以温慎,故处世显明无罪悔;(仆)在京城间,家事人事,终日促束,不得日出所怀以自晓,自然不敢以辈流间期足下也。

    去岁乞假,自江、汉间归京,乃知足下出官之由,勇于为义,向者仆之期足下之心,果为不缪,私自喜贺,足下果不负天所付与、仆所期向,二者所以为喜且自贺也,幸甚,幸甚。仆不足道,虽能为学,亦无所益,如足下之才之时,真可惜也。向者所谓俊达坚明,心正而气和,饰以温慎,此才可惜也。年四十为刺史,得僻左小郡,有衣食,无为吏之苦,此时之可惜也。仆以为天资足下有异日名声,迹业光于前后,正在今日,可不勉之。

    仆常念百代之下,未必为不幸,何者?以其书具而事多也。今之言者必曰:“使圣人微旨不传,乃郑玄辈为注解之罪。”仆观其所解释,明白完具,虽圣人复生,必挈置数子坐于游、夏之位。若使玄辈解释不足为师,要得圣人复生,如周公、夫子亲授微旨,然后为学。是则圣人不生,终不为学;假使圣人复生,即亦随而猾之矣。此则不学之徒,好出大言,欺乱常人耳。自汉已降,其有国者学科.网成败废兴,事业踪迹,一二亿万,青黄白黑,据实空有,皆可图画,考其来由,裁其短长,十得四五,足以应当时之务矣。不似古人穷天凿玄,蹑于无踪,算于忽微,然后能为学也。故曰,生百代之下,未必为不幸也。

    夫子曰:“三人行,必有我师焉。”此乃随所见闻,能不亡失而思念至也。楚王问萍实,对曰:“吾往年闻童谣而知之。”此乃以童子为师耳。参之于上古,复酌于见闻,乃能为圣人也。诸葛孔明曰:“诸公读书,乃欲为博士耳。”此乃盖滞于所见,不知适变,名为腐儒,亦学者之一病。

    仆自元和已来,以至今日,其所见闻名公才人之所论讨,典刑制度,征伐叛乱,考其当时,参于前古,能不忘失而思念,亦可以为一家事业矣。但随见随忘,随闻随废,轻目重耳之过,此亦学者之一病也。如足下天与之性,万万与仆相远。仆自知顽滞不能苦心为学假使能学之亦不能出而施之恳恳欲成足下之美异日既受足下之教于一官一局而无过失而已。自古未有不学而能垂名于后代者,足下勉之。

 (选自《樊川文集》,有删节)

【注】①使君:对州郡长官的尊称。李使君,即李方玄,杜牧好友,时任池州刺史。②缪:通“谬”。③郑玄:字康成,东汉人,师从马融,遍注五经,为古文学经学大家。④萍实:南方池泽中常生蓬草的果实。

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